Hospitality industry Essay

â€Å"Oxford Dictionary defines hospitality as â€Å"receiving and hosting customers, visitors and strangers with cordiality and good reputation.† Receptors hospitality services perceive this service sector accompanied by food and friendly service good drink and familiar atmosphere. On the other hand, those who provide these services sometimes have the impression that, despite their efforts, customers can sometimes be picky and ungrateful. Regardless of the position they occupy, it is clear that the scope of activities influence people life, growing up over time. International there is a constant development and continuous improvement of hospitality industries. To welcome those who travel the world, literally and figuratively extend our hospitality and it is taking up with their requirements. For many people, facade, appearance or location determines the first impression that remains and is the most important. The hospitality industry, more than any other, is facing strong to the people. What create that lasting impression customers is effective, efficiency and hospitality of the people who by attitude and their kindness, hospitality is people oriented. But starting from the original meaning of the concept of hospitality, the hospitality industry can be defined with respect broad a range of commercial accommodation activities and / or food service for people who are far from home does not matter if is for longer or shorter time. In other words, the hospitality industry are not only great hotels and restaurants, but also a wide range of commercial activities such as guest houses, snack bars and fast-food establishments. The essence of hospitality is to ensure food, entertainment and accommodation for those who are away from home. The foundation of this work were made in Europe in the Middle Ages, the monasteries functioned as a â€Å"guest houses† for pilgrims. Subsequently, the work was extended by establishing inns for travelers, located along the main thoroughfares. Development occurs inns and hotels related an strict development of travel and holidays. The evolution of transport technologies allowed mass range of consumer leisure or business, creating an urgent need of accommodation and catering for people in away from home. Is generally accepted that hospitality, as an attribute of good manners, represents an primary objective of tourism. Regarded as a true art, the art of hospitality is intended to structure the customer for the service unit in such way that consumer products and services feel really wanted is treated as a guest. In addition, more than practice it occasionally grown into a true profession. Hospitality as a profession can be defined therefore as â€Å"the process of providing psychological and physiological comfort and safety of the client, while the consumption of products required on the premises benefit. â€Å"In this context, this attribute can accept industrial-scale development? Seen in terms of scale and investment characteristics and the fact that this sector of economic life is one work intensive, dedicated to the hospitality industry is similar industries. In the specialty literature doubts persist in using this terminology, especially in relation to the scope of then  hospitality industry. Thus, a series of authors consider as part of this field only food and accommodation services, perhaps because those benefits are offered under the same premises works like industrial units, other authors, however, consider it appropriate a broader approach, including leisure services and even the marketing of products. (David P. Baron Business and its environment, fourth edition) In terms of ownership, tour operators are found in both the private and public sector Private Sector. Increasing the number of transactions and mergers within the industry came amid vertical or horizontal integration. Horizontal integration involves expanding within an industry sector, for example through the development of hotel chains or network by opening new routes. Companies grouped in this formula is in an integrated chain, controlled by a unique decision. They offer a homogeneous product sold under the same brand, using the techniques work together. Horizontal integration means not only achieve these general goals, but also contribute to better accommodate certain geographical dimensions of tourism. Purchase of tourism enterprises in the coastal and mountainous areas, for example, may allow the transfer of staff and a seasonal effective use throughout the year human and material resources. Vertical integration within an organization bringing together various industry sectors, for example, when a company buys hotel or tour operator travel agency opened retailers. Integration can occur from within by developing a new product or activities of the company’s internal resources or external acquisition or takeover by other companies. As with other industries, the expansion through integration of technical and financial benefit. Increase the size of a firm enables him to take full advantage of computerization, a very important element in terms of travel bookings or may mean developing scientific research that would provide a competitive edge. The public sector is required at different levels, to pursue the public interest and provide goods and services whose cost cannot be covered by the private sector. The public sector is involved in tourism, directly or indirectly, for different reasons: economic; social and cultural; the environment; Police; Tax. Types of ownership in the industry of hospitality are the followings: sole-trader, partnership, private or public companies (limited liabilities), franchise. Sole –trader- a form of business in which the owner has the unlimited liability , Partnership – can be two or more people who share skills and workload, Company – it has to be registered before to start the business, the owners are its shareholders who puts funds in the company by buying share . Franchise – the franchisor is selling the right to operate under its company license to the franchiser. The diversity of the Hospitality industry consist in its different types of products and services it is offering such as different food and beverage products (e.g diversity of cuisine, vegetarian meals, nutrient level of the dishes, halal meat, etc), different types of accommodation(e.g. hotels, guests houses, campus accommodation, villas, apartments, cottages), leisure services, conferences, meetings and banqueting’s. (Dr. Sam handout) 1.2/P2 Systemic analysis reveals multiple functions and businesses increasingly important that they have the organizational structure as the main organizational subsystem. If hospitality organizations known two dimensions of organizational structure: †¢ horizontal dimension, †¢ vertical dimension. The horizontal dimension reflects general division of labor in specific activities or components. Working in horizontal organizational structure can be grouped into: functional structures and autonomous units, drives hybrid matrix units. Structure functional groups similar positions to produce and sell a service. Functional structures typical small tourism enterprises are simple and operate in a simple and stable also. Structure of a small restaurant is shown in figure below Structure-based autonomous units grouped under a single manager, whose positions work occupiers unlike running, but focuses on: distinct service or  group of services; a customer or customer group, geographic area. Organizing such autonomous units is adopted by large enterprises, transnational, operating in an unstable environment and heterogeneous. Example: Hilton International. Structure incorporates hybrid autonomous units and functional departments centralized and located at headquarters. A hybrid organizational structure is typical for a large company that faces an uncertain external environment and heterogeneous. A strength of this type of structure is that it takes advantage of concentration and coordination of autonomous units and functional departments are centrally such as research department – development Matrix organizational Westfield area structure is achieved by using simultaneous mixing functional structure or structure-based autonomous units. A new feature of this type of structure is that some workers should report more people and not a single manager. Matrix organizational structure is designed to determine collaboration between product managers and functional managers. Function Management Product Managers Production Manager Director Marketing Manager CEO Hotel A 1 2 3 CEO Hotel B 4 5 6 CEO Hotel C 7 8 9 Matrix cells numbered in the diagram above represents workers or teams of workers from the three hotels. Of note is that the hotel manager had to work with three functional managers and each functional manager must cooperate with each of the three managers of hotels. Conditions requiring matrix organization are: 1. Strong pressure for dual focus on technology and product; 2. Pressure related to the amount of data and its processing capacity; 3. Pressure on the general resources of the enterprise. After their content, the relationships within an organization are: Relationships determines the effective exercise of authority. They are divided into: Hierarchical relationships ensure unity of action, giving the enterprise, from this point of view, the appearance of a pyramid. The relation established between functional and operational departments, hierarchically subordinated them. Staff relations are independent of the first two categories are established as a result of the delegation by senior management, usually on the top hierarchical organization of the task to solve their behalf problems affecting multiple compartments. Cooperation relations established between stations on the same hierarchical level, but belonging to different compartments. Control relationships arising between specialized departments control and other departments of the company. Spontaneous relations are a consequence of the existence of the informal organization structure. (Teare R. , Adams D., Messenger S. CASSELL Managing Projects in Hospitality Organizations 1992) 1.3/P3 The national trade association for hotel, restaurants and catering sector is represented by the British Hospitality Association (BHA). Almost every public hotel group or independent hotels, restaurants, pubs food services, motorway services and many hospitality associations are members of BHA, who promotes the interests of the hole hospitality sector to the EU commission, government, ministers MPs, MEPs, MSPs, and media. Exist 16 additional committee working with the sector and its specific issues such as Management of food and service Forum, Local Hospitality Association, National Committee of Restaurants Association, Club Panel, Committee of Area Operations  Motorway Services. It is offering support and development for more than 40,000 establishments and over 500,000 employee were trained in order to improve their skills and get qualifications in the hospitality sector. The hospitality sector in UK boost its profitability with a series of events like Olympic Games 2012 and will be delivering world class service to the Ryder Cup and Commonwealth Games in 2014 and the Rugby World Cup in 2015. (www.bha-online.org.uk) People 1st is delivering a World Host customer service training (e.g. the successful event 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics). Modern and energetic offering a comprehensive training the program can be found on DVD and CD scenario. People 1st is offering training and development for a series of industry but regarding the hospitality sector its focus is on the success key of the business, quality front-line â€Å"customer service†. They offer support from the new entry peoples in the industry to the experience staff in order to increase their chances to promote to the top positions. People 1st created the successful lead GIF (growth and innovation funds) for the hospitality in UK who brings together the industry bodies, individuals or businesses in order to promote training, innovation and career in the industry and also economic growth. It advice the employers how to use the employees skills and gives them a high quality training program. It support also the government ministers, associations and multinational business. (www.people1st.co.uk) (https://www.google.co.uk/search?) HOSPA is a non-profit organization with the aim to help and support education, it support the careers development in management, finance, IT, marketing, accountancy and is keeping up to date with the industry new trends. Its monthly magazine focus on its members reflecting the new trends, offering topics to the professional resources. BIIAB is the owned BII organizations who offers qualifications to the license retail sector available across UK. â€Å"Members should be clear that we  represent them and their views in influencing Government policy and importantly other key stakeholders in the industry. It’s important that BII looks, to the next generation of members and establishes a credible route to market for young people who aspire to work in this great industry†. Tim sees the role of BII as raising the reputation of the industry as a valued career, said Tim Hulme ABII, Chief Executive. (http://biiab.bii.org/biiab-usefulinformation/whos-who-in-biiab) City and Guilds of London has been the main provider of qualifications for those woking in food preparation and cooking, food and beverage services, front of the house and accommodation services. On average its awards between 50,000 – 60,000 certificates a year in the sector. 2.1/P4 It is well documented that the hospitality industry is an important part of the UK economy. Is an estimate that over 500,000 people are employed in the industry. As the industry grows not only need more staff, are required a variety of skills for different occupations, who needs to expand and meet the customer expectations. E.g. the hotel managers are no longer seen as â€Å"good hosts† . they need to be good team leaders with strong technical and financial skills, capable to assume a wide variety of responsibilities from training to the development of customers and staff relations. They need to have as well a multi-cultural approach to business operations and the ability to cope with stressful situations. It is estimate that the number of young people will increase so training and development is crucial in order to support the acknowledgement process for unskilled and semiskilled people employed in the industry and also for volunteers, seasonal workers or part time workers. For the new entry in order to start a career in hospitality the minimum requirement are a good command of English, good communication skills, positive attitude, friendly approach, customer oriented and hard working. An increased attention need to be given to the methods of advertising, selection, recruiting, induction and training specially for the staff who comes from outside UK due to the establishment of European single market, and finding solutions to the problems of a decreasing supply of  young people coming in the industry and the effort directed towards reducing the high level of labor turnover experienced by the sector. If for new entry staff are not any specific academic requirements just the willing to work hard and a positive attitude, for public facing role employers prefer candidates who have previous experience even certifications and qualifications in a customer service environment and show good skills and the appreciation of service quality. The industry offer possibility to work in a full time or part time basis, fix program or shifts, employing many woman’s and young people and allow them to move throw the certain areas of the industry. (Managing Projects in Hospitality Organization, Treare Richard and Co., CASSELL) Core occupations The sector employs both a large number of core occupations (specific to the sector) and additional occupations (found in most sectors). The following provides employment numbers for the sector’s core occupations: †¢ Kitchen and catering assistants (402,200) †¢ Chefs and cooks (273,200) †¢ Waiting staff (235,200) †¢ Bar staff (196,100) †¢ Restaurant and catering managers (158,200) †¢ Housekeepers and related occupations (59,800) †¢ Hotel and accommodation managers (58,400) †¢ Travel agents (47,600) †¢ Publicans and managers of licensed premises (43,500) †¢ Leisure and theme park attendants (24,000) †¢ Conference and exhibition managers (22,400) †¢ Travel and tour guides (16,600) †¢ Hotel porters (12,100) †¢ Travel agency managers (8,500 (www.people1st.co.uk/research) 2.2/P5 City and Guilds London Institute offers qualifications for front of the house services, food and beverage operations, chef’s and food preparation, accommodation. The Business and Technician Council (BTEC) is another key organization which provides awards for all level of competence. The number of individual obtaining qualifications in areas of hotels, catering, travel, tourism and recreation is approximately 9,000/year. Hotel and Catering Training Company (HCTC) and the Hotel, Catering and Institutional Management Association (HCIMA) are others institutes who offer qualifications for the industry staff. Managers in the hospitality industry are educated and trained through a wide variety of routes. The awarding bodies involved at these level include BTEC, the Council of National Academic Awards (CNAA), the HCIMA and the university sector. Separate arrangements exist in Scotland in the form of the Scottish Vocational Education Council (SCOTVEC). Exist two significant reports published who concerned mainly on management education. The first analyzed the management education in USA, Germany, France, Japan and UK. The founded argued that management group in the overseas are more likely to have been educated to a higher level and are more likely to have benefited from formal and systematic policies for continuing education and development than in the UK. The report recommended that leading organizations should act as role models of good practice and that individuals should secure higher level of education. The second report provided a thorough appraisal of management in the UK. Its findings showed that although there was general willingness opportunities to consider new of approaches, Britain’s management development opportunities of their competitors. it was recognized that management education could greatly improve the effectiveness of managers on average a British manager received only few days formal training per year. NVQ (National Vocational Qualifications) have been designed to offer qualifications in the industry from entry levels to the top management positions, so everyone can become better and improve skills and knowledge by getting NVQ accredited. (Managing Projects in Hospitality Organization, Treare Richard and Co., CASSELL, p243) 3.1/P6 PESTEL analysis The political environment The political environment is important for tourism companies, because there are laws, rules and tactics. Therefore, it is important to establish the place of political power in tourism and how political power to influence the future and the effects of these tactics. It is also important to identify the level at which an organization operates in a political tour. For example, a Belgian tour operator will face a political environment of local government, national government and EU legislation. Additionally, you will have to face political environments in the countries whose destinations are included in bid. Economic Environment. Tourism service providers will find that international economic environment affect the demand for their services and financing costs of such services. Examples of this are given by hotel chains like Best Western (U.S.) and Intercontinental (Japan), carriers, and Eurotunnel (UK / France) and Korean Air (South Korea) and holders of tourist attractions like Disneyland (USA, France). Socio-cultural Facto influencing the socio-cultural tourism organizations are related to the size and population, social class, attitudes and values. Demographics deals with the study population and the population is important for tourism organizations for two reasons: First, the population is a key factor influencing demand for tourism organizations. Secondly, labor organizations supporting tourism is derived from the population. For example, a country with large population represents a potential market for tourism services and one in which economies of scale can be achieved. Technological environment- collecting technology, dissembling technology, shorting reprocessing and use technology is a technological environment  provides tourism organizations both opportunities and threats. Opportunities resulting from technological development can be found in cheaper supplies in improvement of goods and services or to better marketing. Legal environment – such as vast protocols, rules and regulations, standards, contractual issues, planning system, facilities permitting, product stewardship legislation, landfill restrictions (liquids, tires, pretreatments),. Environmental factors – peak oil (oil reserves), virgin resource and landfill availability, exploitation impact (damages to the ecosystem), climate changes (future temperature, rise and impact), weather change, carbon balance recycle vs. virgin material. (Davin P. Baron, Business and its Environments, fourth edition p428) 3.2/P7 It has long been committed and only hotels under construction are increasingly using all kinds of green technologies. In addition, these environmental initiatives applies not only to expensive hotels in the world, but also in CIS countries. One of the most developed areas – reducing the cost of electricity, more hotels now use LED bulbs, which although more expensive, but consumes 3-4 times less electricity. Life in LED too. To consume less electricity utility to create a mini panel. In regions with good wind level, many hotels are increasingly equipped with turbines. Rarely used other alternative energy sources. More hotels in Astrakhan use generators on biodiesel. In the book â€Å"Gaia Napa Valley† heat lighting technologies used, increasing use of cars with alternative engines. So, increasingly, to go to a hotel used by electric vehicles and taxis and freight cars with hybrid engines. For example, California, Ambrose Hotel offers clients limousines on hybrid engine. Household chemicals – is an area that is too stupid to be updated. Being introduced more and more secure means of washing. A number of hotels in bathrooms are courteous customer requests to throw in a basket all the towels that need washing, so do not wash towels mountain again. As the scale of hospitality enormous amount of  harmful substances into the atmosphere when washing is absolutely clean linen and towels. Attention is paid to environment friendly building materials to use when building new hotels and repair old ones. â€Å"Green† directions are important, for example, it is wise to use water to regulate the heating-cooling processes inside, reducing plastic packaging. For example, already referred to American Hotel Gaia Napa Valley established the so-called â€Å"gray† water (runoff from showers and sinks), which is passed through a small filter is used to fill the pond and watering of vegetation great site. Environmental initiatives also bring revenue by improving the image of the hotel. Hotels online websites on the internet and on site to form a section of â€Å"environment – demanding† comments that describe achievement, environment and individual health care. The business are bound to become greener as a desire to reduce their costs, and in an effort to attract more visitors – because people are more aware of environmental issues. (http://ecology.md/md/section.php?) CRS (Corporate Social Responsibilities) The social responsibility perspective focus on role of business identified by concerns that extend beyond economic efficiency. Those role may steam from societal needs to otherwise adequately addressed or from the consequences or market imperfections. They may also stem from concerns that government is either unable or unwilling to address. E.g. some companies have voluntarily institute programs to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions in response to global climate change. From this perspective social responsibilities arise from the needs and the legitimate concern of individuals, and business must assets those needs and concerns to determine the extent of its responsibilities. Business leader advocate corporate social responsibilities for a variety of reasons. Some are argue that there are some objectives that can be achieved only through direct corporate actions. Business for example may be more efficient than the government or educational institutions at training workers for certain jobs. Other business leaders call restraint of the pursuit of profits and for self-regulation in the hope that will forestall additional government intervention and regulation. These calls are viewed by some as a necessary  response to pressures arising from the nonmarket environment. Some calls for corporate social responsibility are directed to the public with the intent of increasing public support for businesses. Some who call for corporate social responsibility believes that unless the business uses the rhetoric of social responsibility and more intervention by the government will result. That intervention could not only harm business interest but would also impair efficiency, competitiveness and the well – being of society. (Davin P. Baron, Business and its Environments, fourth edition p647) 4.1/P8 The Yield Management is a concept, an approach to maximize profit based on careful tracking of the evolution of prices and tariffs and set, taking into account actual sales and availability of the company. By applying Y.M. aims at determining the highest tariff to be charged within cost and available capacities and also ensure that all those customers wishing to benefit from a particular product or service and willing to pay the fee to be able to do. Basically, Y.M. provides: Maximizing the average profit for a product available based on customer expectations on price and setting its highest value that customers are willing to pay; Seasonality of demand reduction by transferring its excess of other peak times Y.M. is based on the analysis and interpretation of the demand curve, concept representing an expression of the relationship between price and demand. Customers are divided into different segments according to the wishes and their willingness to pay, yielding several price levels. As an expression of applying the Y.M. Tourist practice, Scott Hornick identified five functional components: market segmentation; Structuring pricing policy; Demand forecasts; Willingness and ability to lead; Negotiate appointments Market Segmentation entails identifying distinct groups of tourists with different behaviors that are important for travel company on the activity, the price or decisions. Pricing policy considering the possibility of offering a different price categories for each customer segment, according to market changes and requirements. Demand forecast is made taking into account previous sales, size and structure of customer segments and the prices that they are willing to accept. Willingness to lead, as well as negotiating appointments, refers to the attempt to quantify the characteristics of the application. Company must take into account any changes that occur, and the fact that some customers are willing to negotiate prices. (Marketing Hospitality, third edition, 2002, Cathy H.C. HSU, Tom Powers) Following the emergence of new tools are needed for globalization manage processes, multi-ethnicity and culture and support employees and businesses to meet all stakeholders. The planning and management of destinations and profile companies must take account a number of changes in society and the world economy. According to economic theory, globalization is seen as a process evolve gradually. The models can be used to illustrate the scope and involvement in international transactions. Anne-Mette Hjalager (2007, pp. 437-457) constructs a model descriptive four stages of globalization of the tourism industry in order to make understand the complexity of the dynamic interactions take place outside of borders. The level of analysis is the community interest and their stakeholders: tourism companies, communities, national and local etc. Consequently, globalization is seen as a result of both the singular decisions taken by the companies profiled and policy makers national and local. The first stage includes national tourism system tests to access new markets. The purpose of â€Å"missionaries† tour is to attract customers by firms, destinations or countries where tourism product will be sold or consumed. Force communication emerge beyond the promotional campaigns international markets for consumers, being a strong bond between tourism associations and other collaborating organizations. Communication is possible overcoming  barriers in many countries where some tourist organizations are reluctant to changes. The second stage describes the integration and incorporation of tourism businesses across national borders. Investments beyond their own country is a subject treated extensively in the literature of globalization. In tourism, reproduction and external expansion of successful business concepts recognized most consumers are a powerful force majeure globalization. Transfer of capital and concepts is pregnant in this industry, and the pros and cons of cultural and economic hegemony discussed in a largely predominant when the transfer is done by countries developing. Two methods are developed global integration more first business integration through investments, mergers and acquisitions, and then trade overall concepts through franchises and licenses. The third stage refers to the spatial fragmentation and relocation production processes. In recent years there was an increasing emphasis on creating profitability through extensive fragmentation and optimize the entire value chain. While a great deal of resources are local only national, international markets affecting the availability of increasingly more composition of the local tourism product and the production process. In this service with a high degree of absorption of work, the supply of human and is immaterial importance. Finally, in the fourth step, it is questionable identity industry and new types of markets and business concepts that will exceeds previous definitions of tourism. Many organizations and many researchers are involved in trying to define and explain logically tourism traditional economic statistical categories. Although the model suggests a logical progression to the final stage the more complex, in practice, they overlap. (http://store.ectap.ro/articole) 4.2/P9 Future trends in the Hospitality Industry Can be summarized as follows: More green and eco – lodgings, Development of meg – hotels (multipurpose facilities with casino, shops, theatre, theme park), More boutique hotels, Intelligent hotels with advance technology using the guest fingerprint in order to perform all the operations (charge, check – in and out), Increasing the employee salaries in order to retain the existing staff, The effect of information – technology shows more than ever that knowledge is power. Providing an outstanding service, people safety and security, the technology that enhance competitors, globalization, the people demand, development of tourism lodgings, report between quality and quantity and price and value all this are current and future trends which affect the hospitality industry. Lifestyle and Quality plays an essential role in attracting and retaining the customers reason why service quality force industry organizations to search for competitive advantages, rise above guests expectations, build relationships with each customer, review their policy. In order to achieve a better customer satisfaction and loyalty, attract and retain the guests. The researches in the sector shows that a high rate of customer satisfaction drives to a bigger financial outcome in the industry. (Dr. Sam handout) Conclusions Purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the hospitality industry its benefits, the scope and the extension that have had over the years, becoming an essential part of everyday life. Our world is in a constant motion, a world full of changes, opportunities and issues. In the hospitality industry customers are changing, the technology is changing, markets are changing reason why hospitality organizations are trying to become more customer– focused, to develop and improve their performance, encouraging innovation. The new trend and existing trends derives the sector to success by offering solutions, being a basic element of prosperity helping to increase the performance and preparing the industry to face challenges. The industry has a big impact on economic growth and is creating employment and offers support for people to develop their skills training them throw the hospitality professionals bodies, aimed and promoting them to the top positions. One big issue of the industry  regarding the employees is the salary. The organizations should take is count the long working hours, stress, the factors affecting the environment of working place, review their health and safety rules and protection in working place, motivating them by increasing the salaries and paid holidays, keep them happy in order to have happy customers and increase their revenue. The benefits of working in the sector include learning new skills, be trained by professionals, learn to be professional, be open to challenges, improve your behaviors and learn how to make money anywhere in the world. Is a quick growing sector offers flexibility and you can have fun while you are getting paid. References : Dr. SAM handout Marketing Hospitality, third edition, 2002, Cathy H.C. HSU, Tom Powers ISBN +-471-34885-6 Teare R. , Adams D., Messenger S. CASSELL Managing Projects in Hospitality Organizations 1992, ISBN 0-304-32505-8 David P. Baron, Business and its Environments, fourth edition p647, ISBN 0-13-047064-3 http://biiab.bii.org/biiab-usefulinformation/whos-who-in-biiab http://ecology.md/md/section.php http://store.ectap.ro/articole https://www.google.co.uk/search www.people1st.co.uk www.bha-online.org.uk helpful http://www.pointofsalesystems.com.au/page/hospitality.html

Philosophy of Sport

History of Volleyball History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education Lauren Swift March 26, 2010 Volleyball has grown over the past couple of centuries starting in 1865 to the 20th century. There are millions of people playing the game of volleyball and growing more and more each day. Volleyball has gone worldwide and many people have accepted the game and has become the most popular sport than any of the other sports in American and international countries. Volleyball became both a recreational as well as a competitive sport in the United States due to its popularity. The development of volleyball both gave people to play with no stress, fundamental skills, and to just have fun playing this newly developed game. as time went on, competitive play was introduced and more and more teams practiced and developed their skills to become better players at the game of volleyball. Since volleyball’s first origin, the sport has seen amazing changes and variations. Volleyball started out slow but now is in the Olympics every year where millions and millions of people watch the competition of the world’s best teams all over the country. When people watched volleyball at the Olympics or at a professional (college), they would leave thrilled and excited that the game of volleyball had such an impact on them. The game of volleyball was developed by William G. Morgan who was the physical director of the YMCA in Holyoke, Massachusetts. He attended Mount Herman Preparatory School, but after one year transferred to the School for Christian Workers (now Springfield College) where he received a good background in recreational skills (Bertucci p. 11). Springfield College was where the first volleyball game was played and consisted of two teams with five players on each side. He was involved with the Playground Movement in 1890-1900 for group games. Morgan developed future studies under Dr. Luther Gulick who said that games should have many participants rather than only a few. Volleyball began in the middle ages and moved all around the country from there. In 1893 the sport was introduced to Italy and then to Germany and they called the sport Faust ball. Morgan, however, when he developed the game in Holyoke gymnasium he called it mintonette and shortly after in 1896 Morgan changed the name to volleyball. When the first games of volleyball were played and the sport was globally impacting everyone who played the game, volleyball started to become more and more popular. In 1897, the printed rules of volleyball appeared in the first Handbook of the Athletic league of the Young Men’s Christian Association of North America. The game was thus taken by physical directors of the YMCA to countries throughout the world (Bertucci p. 3). In 1915, volleyball became so popular that it was noted as a team sport and was ranked with basketball, football, and baseball as another fantastic game to go into the school programs. Volleyball was also popular near the end or World War 1. The YMCA physical directors introduced to the troops the game of volleyball. The total participation from July 1, 1918 to July, 1, 1919, amounted to nearly a million (985, 876), and the distribution of more than 15,000 volleyballs by the YMCA alone bears out this statement (Bertucci p. 15). In 1924 in Pittsburgh and Pennsylvania, the first scholastic volleyball program was developed by Harry Batchelor and C. Lawrence Walsh. They taught classes about volleyball, organized leagues, and created intramural teams in 1922. In 1946, schools began to develop club teams like; Stanford University, University of California, and Earlham College. In 1974, the federation of High School Athletics developed a committee to encourage on a worldwide scale that every high school be promoted to championships and to write their own rules and regulations. In 1956, there was reported that 60 million people were playing volleyball annually on an organized basis. Growth and development was essential to the game of volleyball and has made it to what it is today. Two organizations played a huge part in the game of volleyball to help get its start and room for growth and development; they are the YMCA and the USVBA. The role of the YMCA was to provide leadership and direction for volleyball and they were the only group that had facilities at that time to open to the public to play volleyball and other sports. The YMCA played such a huge role in the development of volleyball because, when volleyball first started out up until 20 years after the game came into existence, the YMCA ruled volleyball. Things changed after those 20 years and the original rules finally changed. The YMCA in 1916 was the main leaders in having the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) help out with revising the rules and regulations in effect to promote volleyball more efficiently. As a result the Spalding Athletic Library â€Å"blue cover† volleyball rulebook was published (Shondell, and McManama p. 7). The YMCA was the main leader in inventing the sport of volleyball, having facilities and gymnasiums where people can come and play indoors whenever they want, and giving the people a chance to experience and play the game of volleyball. The YMCA also was credited for the competitive aspect of the game and sponsored tournaments and also held their own YMCA championship in 1922. The YMCA continued th ese tournaments and championships while playing indoors until 1928. The USVBA has been around since 1928 and the first 30 years they were in business, volleyball had no direction or any rules of the game to be enforced. The USVBA was created to regulate the rules worldwide and to hold national open tournaments. The â€Å"father of volleyball† was Dr. George J. Fisher and was elected president and served until 1952 of the USVBA. The USVBA had its first actual tournament in Chattanooga, Tennessee that developed three divisions. One division was the maters division, 1949 they added a women’s division, and an armed forces division in 1952 but was cancelled or depleted in 1965. The USVBA consisted of many national organizations to involve all sport groups to promote the regulation of volleyball. The USVBA was the main company to govern the championships and tournaments, promoting the sport, and the rules and regulations of volleyball. The YMCA and the USVBA were the main two companies’ of the competitiveness of volleyball, but other groups contributed for the growth of the game of volleyball. Volleyball has been more and more educated by individuals over the past 30-40 years. Educators fully understood that volleyball was a team sport just like football, baseball, and basketball. The NCAA promoted that volleyball be given to a huge facility to where college students could take place in organized activities. From there volleyball was put into many different aspects of schools, and intramural programs in college settings. In 1960, Midwestern institutions formed an Intercollegiate Association (MIVA) and the main goal was to get volleyball to be included and discovered in Midwestern colleges while regulating the volleyball competition. The MIVA while being respectable were responsible for many types of leadership such as area, international, and national. In the 1960’s intercollegiate sports involved the overall goal of competitive volleyball. The NCAA and the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) conducted investigations into the addition of volleyball to their national championship programs (Shondell, and McManama p. 59). When making intercollegiate history the NAIA made volleyball their 15th competitive sport. By making volleyball their 15th sport the coaches associated was put in place for the first time. The high schools added volleyball as a recreational sport to their physical education classes. The AAHPER â€Å"American Association of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation† gave leadership in volleyball for education purposes. The AAHPER provides charts, newspapers, journals, and many other printed materials to help the teachers with their profession. They were the main contributor to the game of volleyball both competitively and recreationally through the division for Girls and Women’s Sports (DGWS). The spread of volleyball internationally was a huge success and United States armed forces did everything they could to make this happen. England got first introduced to the game of volleyball in 1914 and moved rather quick and fast to Europe. Soldiers even though their training, recreational programs, and busy schedules they were also given a task to promote volleyball in other countries and at home with their families. The YMCA has the credit for promoting volleyball abroad as well spreading the news to Canada, Southern Hemisphere, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Uruguay, and Brazil. The foreign countries when introduced to volleyball they chose to take the competitive side, and they also played recreationally but when it came down to team strategy, and the skill they were very competitive. The International Volleyball Foundation was founded in 1947 in Paris and published rules and presenting or hosting yearly world championships. In 1949 the international competition was under way and the championships were held in Prague. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) designated volleyball as an Olympic team sport in 1957, and it was included in the 1964 and 1968 Olympic Games (Shondell, and McManama p. 0). International competition affected many techniques, riles, and equipment that were used in the United States. For example, the Filipinos made to where you can only hit the ball three times on your side then you have to get it over the net. In effect to the number of hits on each side and the development of â€Å"the spike† in volleyball by international co untries, the United States saw radical changes being made and the United States eventually changed the rules to what the international countries came up with. Volleyball had cultural impacts and contributions when the game was evolving. John D. Giles and Hill were YMCA directors and promoted the sport and they stressed that people should develop strong, positive characters. Both Giles and Hill stressed these important values in the very first volleyball rulebook. Playing with friends, family, or with new people that you just met can be fun and socially interactive. You can play the game and be competitive while socializing and therefore creating new friendships. A volleyball player or the team cannot mesh well together or work effectively if they don’t have loyalty, courtesy, agreeableness, and cooperation. Many volleyball teams can have problems and are usually created by negative attitudes. By playing volleyball you can improve your moral judgment in addition to your skills. For example; if a ball is out and you touched it with your hand then you should be a moral person and be honest about you touching the ball. There are many other values that are good to have with volleyball; alertness, determination, and persistence. Recreational and competitive volleyball is relaxing, fun, and stress free and in today’s society many people could use some stress free time to just relax and have fun. The values of volleyball are very important as to how this sport really flourished. President Eisenhower and President Kennedy encouraged more and more people to get out there and exercise and to be physically fit. The tools and equipment needed to play volleyball are not expensive to get and is a fun game for everyone to play and is easy to get access to as well. Volleyball can promote being active and to staying healthy while not doing too much of a strenuous workout, it gives you time to rest and to collect your thoughts. Volleyball has come a long way in the past 40-50 years since it was first invented. It has made groundwork for new organizations, scholarships, and traveling around the world by playing and creating the game of volleyball. Many changes were made in the United States and in foreign countries and we all came together to experience the joy of volleyball and to help the game flourish. I only played volleyball my senior year of high school and I have never played the sport before but I wish I would have played it earlier because once I experienced the game of volleyball, I fell in love with the game and now I got a scholarship and a great opportunity to keep playing the sport I love. In a sense, volleyball has opened a new door for men, women, kids, and teenagers to experience something new and eventually made its way through history to become one of the most popular sports today. Works Cited Bertucci, Bob. Championship Volleyball by The Experts. Volume 12. West Point, N. Y: Leisure Press, (p. 11-18). Print. Egstrom, Glen H, and Frances Schaafsma. Volleyball: Physical Education Activities Series. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers, 1966. (p. 40-47). Print. Shondell, Donald, and Jerre McManama. Volleyball. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1971. (p. 55-62). Print. Thigpen, Janet. Power Volleyball for Girls and Women. 2nd ed. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers. 1967, 1974. (p. 3-10). Print.

Mile and Time Downwind Distance

1. A plane travels from Orlando to Denver and back again. On the five-hour trip from Orlando to Denver, the plane has a tailwind of 40 miles per hour. On the return trip from Denver to Orlando, the plane faces a headwind of 40 miles per hour. This trip takes six hours. What is the speed of the airplane in still air? X = speed of plane in still air (x+40) = speed of plane downwind (x-40) =speed of plane against the wind distance = speed *travel time downwind distance = headwind distance 5(x+40) = 6(x-40) 5x+200=6x-240 6x-5x=240+200 x=440 mphSo, The speed of the plane in still air is 440 mph if I am not mistaken. 2. Two bicycles depart from Miami Beach going in opposite directions. The first bicycle is traveling at 10 miles per hour. The second bicycle travels at 5 miles per hour. How long does it take until the bikes are 45 miles apart? D=RT 45=(10+5)T 45=15T T=445/15 T=3 hours. 3. Jesse rents a moving van for $75 and must pay $2 per mile. The following week, Alex rents the same van, is charged $80 for the rental and $1. 50 per mile. If they each paid the same amount and drove the same number of miles, how far did they each travel? 5+2m=80+1. 5m subtract 75 from both sides subtract 1. 5m from both sides .5m=5 multiply both sides by 2 m=10 miles . 4. During a 4th of July weekend, 32 vehicles became trapped on the Sunshine Skyway Bridge while it was being repaved. A recent city ordinance decreed that only cars with 4 wheels and trucks with six wheels could be on the bridge at any given time. If there were 148 tires that needed to be replaced to due to damage, how many cars and trucks were involved in the incident? Okay. There were 32 cars , we have x + y = 32 ars have 4 wheels so 4x , trucks have 6 wheels so 6x the total number of wheels adds up to 148, so 4x +6y = 14: x+y=32 4x + 6y = 148 -4x – 4y = -128 4x + 6y = 148. 5. For this question, you will need a parent/guardian or a friend. Have this individual grab a handful of coins making sure there are only two types of coins in the group (i. e. , nickels and dimes, quarters and pennies, pennies and dimes, etc). Your parent/guardian or friend should tell you the type of coins they’ve chosen, how many coins they have and the dollar amount of the group.From this information, you will set up two sets of equations and determine how many of each coin they have in their hand. Please send your instructor the name of the individual who helped you with this question, your two equations and the work you did to solve the system. She has 11 coins worth 83 cents. P and Q will the number of pennies and quarters, P + Q = 11 P + 25Q = 83 P + 25Q – P + Q = 24 Q = 83 – 11 = 72. So, 24 Q = 72 Q = 3. Q = 3 can be put into the equation to solve for P. If we use the first equation, we get P + 3 = 11 P = 8, so three quarters and eight pennies.

Film the Patriot and the Use of Important Terminologies Like Social Co Term Paper

Film the Patriot and the Use of Important Terminologies Like Social Conflict, Interpersonal Conflict and Conflict Management - Term Paper Example With this in mind, it should be known that communication is the process of exchanging message between individuals. Without a proper communication, it might be difficult for people to relate together. Everyone needs to have effective communication skills because it is necessary in promoting a healthy interpersonal communication. For example, if one chooses to be a critical listener, one might find it much easier to relate with others. This is due t the fact that one can lend ears to other people as they speak thus encouraging them to have confidence in one another. However, when people can not effectively communicate, it means that they can not do anything including resolving their own conflicts (Mayer, 2012). This paper presents a discussion on the use of effective communication skills by people. It does this by alluding to the film the Patriot and goes ahead to analyze the use of important terminologies like social conflict, interpersonal conflict and conflict management. The Patriot is a film which was written by Rodat Robert, produced by Gordon Mark, Garry Levinson and Delvin Dean and directed by Emmerich Roland. The 2000 released 175 minute-long film features Mel Gibson (Benjamin Martin); Heath Ledger (Gabriel Martin); Logan Lerman (William Martin); Gregory Smith (Thomas Martin); Joely Richardson (Charlotte Selton); Trevor Morgan (Nathan Martin); Tchà ©ky Karyo (Major Jean Villeneuve); Jason Isaacs (Colonel William Tavington); Mika Boorem (Margaret Martin); Bryan Chafin (Samuel Martin); Joey D. Vieira (Peter Howard); Lisa Brenner (Anne Patricia); and Chris Cooper (Colonel Harry Burwell). Although it was composed much later, the film depicts a real story of the events that took place in colonial America during the American Revolutionary War. The setting of the story is done in the heart of a rural Village in York County, South Carolina. It brings a story that revolves around the life of Benjamin Martin, an aging widower who was now left with the responsibility of bringing up his nine children.  

Dilemma Analysis #2 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dilemma Analysis #2 - Coursework Example The ethical issue to be addressed, therefore, is non-maleficence and beneficence. Jared decides that to make things right, he and the company must start clean-up exercise in the river and notify the authorities. This, from his perspective, will help in making the company better positioned to move ahead with a clear conscious and also be part of the corporate social responsibility. The decision is also based on the fact that reports have shown that the chemical has negative effects on the people’s health, although in large amounts, and also on the fish which the people consume. However, the dilemma comes in when the authority has been unaware for a long time and the fact that clean up exercise may not be successful since other factories continue to dispose of their chemicals into the same river. The exercise is also repulsively expensive for the company. In addition, notifying authorities will attract hefty fines to the company since it is a foreign entity. Doing the right thing does not have to involve the authority or expose the company to fines and unnecessary expenses. On realizing the existing problems, the management can decide to start engaging on doing the right thing from that point onwards. This implies that the company should adopt the right processes for chemical disposal and engage more on social responsibility to enhance their reputation. Utilitarianism is a moral philosophy which is based on analyzing the consequences. This means that first, the managers have to analyze the situation, the existing problems and seek for the alternative actions regarding the situation. In this case, we compare working to do what is right from that day on with exercising the clean-up. The second step involves estimating the costs of the actions and the benefits and later selecting the best alternative. Clean-up and reporting are costly and dangerous to the reputation of

Second Language Acquistion process Research Paper

Second Language Acquistion process - Research Paper Example This paper on â€Å"Second Language Acquisition Process† seeks to analyze, investigate and understand the criticalities involved in the SL acquisition process through an input output process involving a range of intervening steps, and with crucial empirical studies that seek to validate the steps involved in the process of acquisition of a foreign / second language. This section comprises of an elaborate discussion of five critical steps along with empirical studies that authenticate the claims made. These steps include: Beginning of input: Frequency, attention, affect and other factors; Negotiation and Modification; Comprehended input-universal, prior knowledge,(L1/L2); Intake-hypothesis testing; and Individual differences: Personality, situational and modality variables. Languages cannot be learned in a vacuum and hence, it requires essential input for development of adequate language skills. Although the adequate type and quantity of input required for development and achievement of second language acquisition knowledge and skills is a highly debated issue among researchers (Gass, 1997, Pp. 86). The key factors discussed here include input frequency which symbolizes the cross linguistic influence, and comprises of primary variables in a study conducted by Lowie (2000) on the acquisition of derivational morphology in the bilingual mental lexicon. In this study, the L2 factor was productivity, which is essentially associated with frequency. This study revealed that conversion uniformity plays a prominent role in written production at all levels of acquisition. This further suggests that the learners in this experiment depended heavily on their morphological experience in L1 and those, particularly at the lower levels of acquisition, lacked proper dev elopment to of L1 skills. Another experiment conducted in order to ascertain the degree of order of acquisition associated with input, wherein the comparative effect of the L1 related variable

Family Cultural Heritage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Family Cultural Heritage - Essay Example As Lowenfield observed, play involves application of all necessary activities in a child’s self-generated and spontaneous activities that are an end in themselves; implying that such development is best realized when a child initiates an activity out of their own interests, and leads to knowledge and development explained above. In such development process through paly, children are limited by their cultural expectations and roles; society encourages each child to play a game that is in line with their general expectations or the parent has to ensure the security of children during such games. During my childhood days, the park behind our house was always my favorite spot to play. I was a little different from other girls in my hometown because most of them played indoors due to a hostile weather. My parents knew that I was born with great energy; therefore they introduced me to playing with equipment such as a bicycle and basketball. This is in accordance with the cultural theory in play, which explains the family influence of play aimed at instilling more meaningful social interactions that individuals adopt in their social groups. With only one sibling in my family, my brother was always my best friend; I believe the interaction in our playing crated a unique configuration of individuality, leading to the strong bonds between us. He was always the one that I played with in my childhood days because we had the same interest in sport. Every afternoon after pre-school, I would go cycling around my house area and after my brother got back from school, he would ask me to pl ay basketball together. The first thing he would ask before we played was to get the rebounds after the shots that he was practicing. I was pretty frustrated as he would not let me play with him, but he made excuses such as asking me how to learn to catch and pass before I could play with him. This

Applying Theory to Practice Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Applying Theory to Practice Problem - Essay Example The Neuman model perceived clients as being in a state of dynamic equilibrium with the environment. The environment is also considered a perceptual field that surrounds each person. Neumann has focused on the stress factors and the reaction of each person to the condition that brings about the stress. She brought forth the conviction that stress factors comprise the environment. She further argues that the disequilibrium in the body system that is caused the stress is a tension. This tension acts as the stimuli, which has the potential of causing the illness to the individual that is suffering from the stress. The environment is subdivided into two components that include the internal and external factors. The internal factors comprise of the forces that occur within an individual or intrapersonal stress factor. In our case, the example is smoking which the patient is involved in after being discharged. The external environment consists of interpersonal stress factors that result from interaction with other individuals. This is in terms of changes in the roles that can bring about stress to an individual. The physiological issues in patient perspective involve things like the ability to see, hear and have mobility. There are other things like the ability to breath, sleeping, feeling, eating, speaking and the vital signs. This variable focuses on the physiological wellbeing of the patient. The psychological variables involve the non-verbal behavior, attitudes, coping pattern and response to stress. These things focus on the psychological status of the patient. Therefore, by ensuring that the patient psychological status is appropriate one wil be able to facilitate the things that ensure the well-being of the patient is considered. There are various expectations in this variable that are recognized through evaluation of the patient’s behaviors and the way the patient handles stress. The social variable reflects much on the individual’s values

Team Building as an Organization Development Intervention Essay

Team Building as an Organization Development Intervention - Essay Example They have a poor job design, leadership structure and have poorly defined policies hence fail to direct task behavior efficiently (Cummings & Worley, 2009). In most cases, communication is broken, ambiguous job responsibilities with dissipated employee energies due to lack of direction. Another factor that determines the classification is the area of operation. Most under organized organizations are established in areas like; project management, product development along with community development. In over organized circumstances, planned changed in general aims at loosening restraints on behavior. Changes in job design, leadership, structure and other facets frees suppressed energy, raises the flow of pertinent information between managers and workers and encourages efficient resolution of conflicts (Cummings & Worley, 2009). In under-organized circumstances, there is too little restraint or guideline for efficient task performance. Leadership, job design, structure and policy are inadequately defined and fall short of directing work behaviors efficiently. In addition to this, communication is disjointed, job responsibilities are vague and worker’s energies are dissolute due to a lack of direction. (Cummings & Worley, 2009).When handling the over-organized situations, leadership styles, organization structure, job designs and policies along with procedures are too inflexible and excessively defined for efficient task performance. There is also find that suppressed communication between management and workers, conflicts are shunned, and workers are indifferent. In the cited case, planning an intervention was desired since nobody took liability for anything. They were devoid of structure or guidelines to govern their work. Ben and Jerry sought to end up with a fun family job environment. It made them lack the means to have authority

To what extent was John Maynard Keynes' principal contribution to Essay

To what extent was John Maynard Keynes' principal contribution to political economy a re-conceptualisation of optimal relation - Essay Example This is often the case between Keynesian economists and other reformists’ theories. Keynesianism or Keynesian economics is an economic theory based on the ideas John Maynard Keynes, as put forward in his book The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, available in 1936 as an answer to the Great Depression of the 1930s. Keynesianism advocates for a mixed economy, in which the state as well as the market or the private sector have both significant functions to operate. It should be noted that the advent and eventual rise of Keynesianism saw the collapse of laissez-faire economics which was of the view that both the state and the market could function, each on its own. Keynesianism also emphasizes of the significance of aggregate demand for goods as the lashing factor of the economy, particularly in periods of recession. For this reason, government plans or policies could be made use of to promote demand at a macro level, to counter high unemployment as well as deflati on. A significant conclusion of Keynesianism is that there is not a tough and automatic propensity for output and employment to move to full employment levels. Effective demand is therefore the fundamental idea underlying Keynesianism. Post Keynesian Criticisms After Keynes, a good amount of concentration has been dedicated to the problem of probability and uncertainty in Keynes’s General Theory by a set of economists frequently called ‘Post-Keynesians’. Over the years, there have risen a lot of economic theories and propositions which no longer see Keynesianism as a spur. As Chick and Tily (2004) mentions in mainstream economics, Keynes is dead1. Leijonhufvud (2008)2 gives explanations on the hypothetical blindness of the economic profession vis a vis interpretations from Keynesianism of the present financial crisis to conventional reliance on market efficiency theory, expectations based on reason as well as the representative agents3. Wray and Teymogne (2008) m ake us reminiscent of the fact that â€Å"the efficient market hypothesis, like all approaches derived from the old neoclassical theory, relegates money and finance to the sidelines.4† A latest volume, cataloguing the commentary of twelve prominent economists on Keynes’s Economic possibilities for our Grandchildren5, offers an outstanding incident to assess the space between conventional Keynesian views of capitalism with ‘love of money’. Keynes’s disapproval for the money drive and the demanding â€Å"purposeful money-makers (who) may carry all of us along with them into the lap of economic abundance† is dismissed as the befuddled and elitist phrase of moralistic narrow-mindedness and an ideal case in point of an irrational approach to economics. For example, Boldrin and Levine (2009) challenge Keynes for not being clear between real and monetary factors6. On his part, Phelps (2009) considers Keynes condescending approach towards the pursuit for wealth as unusual for an economist7, representative of anti-materialism as well as obscure to every scholastic satisfaction in business. Ohanian (2009) illustrates Keynes’ approach as that of a judgmental and critical social commentator who uses his economist’s pulpit to make a rather puritan-based vision of the future8. Fitoussi (2009) acknowledges that Keynes’ negative response to capitalism, with its acquisitiveness and inconsiderate conduct, is not so badly founded9. He however goes on to coin Keynes’

We Are Not Responsible for Our Actions Essay Example for Free

We Are Not Responsible for Our Actions Essay Critically asses the view that we are not responsible for our actions Is it true that the society we live in, we have the right to make and produce our own decisions and its purely down to each individual to any actions they produce? In this essay I will explore if we have the right to be responsible for any action we take. Some may believe its down to God and his decisions, obviously, this cannot be proved, however surely each human have the right to be responsible for any actions. This question comes down to; do we have free will or is it determinism? A key case which questioned this question would be the Darrow trial. Successfully, the Lawyer was able to reduce the death penalty to life imprisonment, blaming that it was other factors such as power that made them do this action. He therefore believed that we are all not responsible for our action other factors must also be responsible not purl down to that individual. A prime example of an ethical theory which backs up this trial is Determinism. This means all our actions all have prior causes going back to the first cause which is God, therefore any evil action is inevitable. Determinism states that freedom of choice is just an illusion and so personal responsibility is a meaningless concept, as are the blame and punishment. This sort of determinism would be hard determinism. Therefore, determinism followers would reject that we have free will. Hard determinism followers such as John Hospers said that there is always something which compels each human to externally and internally perform an action that we would consider was the result of our own free will. He says â€Å"it is all a matter of luck†. Hospers would strongly agree that we are not responsible for any actions. He believes in other factors. Carrying on from this, behaviourism is an extreme modern version of hard determinism. It states that all our actions are due to the social conditioning and subconscious influences. John B. Watson discussed psychological behaviourism. He suggested that our behaviour is influenced by heredity and environment. By manipulating the environment an individual’s behaviour can be alerted. All theories of determinism are influenced by Isaac Newton’s physics.

The Middle Ages Essay Example for Free

The Middle Ages Essay The continued existence of the open-minded art in the Middle Ages was present because they were utilized in monasteries as an introductory educating assistance for the comprehending of the Bible. Thus they comprised the basis of educating in the monastic schools which were thriving in monasteries. Till the 12 century only the organizations that proposed a normal and entire education existed. In the monastic scriptoria they made the copies of the creations of famous writers and Church Fathers, applied for learning and consideration; this textual copy was a genuine work. The closed monasteries performed a key function in safeguarding and conveying texts throughout the most complicated Middle Ages periods. On the foundation of this pattern, a system of schools were evolved during couple of decades focused on the formation of regal and church officials and in which more time was devoted to educating than in the customary monastic schools. Due to the prestigious expert’s involvement in some of such schools, an inclination to focus on the diverse fields of educating began to appear (Elmer 1965). Question 2. The educational progress in the Middle Ages was very productive. Grammar included the learning of Latin dialect and writing. Dialectic was a mandatory subject. Rhetoric included the basics of regulation, in addition to creating prose and poetry. Geometry encompassed the learning of Euclid, as well as, geography and natural history. Arithmetic used Roman figures and with the account of the calendar. Music had the directions of the plain-song of the Church, idea of resonance, and the learning of synchronization. Astronomy, in addition to considering the divine bodies, encompassed physics and chemistry. And all the material for this subjects teaching was taken from the textbooks, written in very ancient times (Elmer 1965).. Question 3 The Socratic Method or Socratic Debate) is a pattern of theoretical query in which the questioner researches the significances of other people opinions, to motivate reasonable conceiving and clarify the thoughts. This dialectical approach usually engages an oppositional conversation in which the protector of one perspective is fighting with the protector of another; one person can lead another to oppose himself in some way, reinforcing the inquirers position. The expression Socratic Questioning is applied to recount a kind of inquiring in which an initial inquiry is answered as if it were a reply. This makes the first correspondent to create a new inquiry in light of the advancement of the dialogue (Elmer 1965).. Question 4 The influence of Greece was revealed very early in Roman learning and even became more powerful after the long sequence of profits. The Romans exposure was rapid, because they very quickly understood the benefits they could have from this more developed nation, more affluent than their own civilization. Being realistic, Romans realized the benefits to be received from a science of Greek, a worldwide dialect renowned to numerous of their adversaries, and grasped the associated significance of managing the art of oratory so greatly evolved in Greece (Elmer 1965).. Question 5 The political structure of Rome always was republican, thus all regulations were passed and all the officials chosen by a ballot of all the people. The standard of representation, nevertheless was obscure to the Romans. All regulations were passed, and all officials appointed, at so-called mass gathering of all the people. The nonexistence of bulletins, furthermore, made a distinct distinction between age-old and current political situation. Discussion and public locations were the only means of disseminating political ideas. Clearly, with this, public talking regime, that even nowadays has a distinctive effectiveness in state activities, should have been far more effective as a political tool than nowadays. The political success was impossible to be reached without rhetoric skills. Thus the need in creating special oratory and rhetoric school was great (Elmer 1965).. Question 6 Athens: Speaking about the boys, schools educated in reading, composing and arithmetic, melodies, verse, games and gymnastics. Depending on the position of the family, the period of learning was from of 5 to 14 years old, for the richer 5 18 and at times to learners’ twenties in an academy where they were allowed to learn philosophy, moral code, and oratory. Lastly, the civilian young men went into a military preparation where they studied for a couple of years, until the age of twenty. Overseas slaves were not allowed to get any thing except an elementary education in Greece. Girls obtained little education (except possibly in the aristocrats houses through private teachers); they were usually sitting at home and had no political influence. The learning of a young female engaged only something needed to be done about the house (Elmer 1965).. In Sparta little boys started their military education very early at the age of seven. They were only give a cloak no footwear or other apparel, and not sufficient nourishment in order to make them enduring. At age of twenty they were put into higher positions in the army. To age of thirty they were devoted to the country; then they were allowed to have a family. They learned to dance, read and compose, however athletics battle skills were the most important. Girls at age 7 were taught to read, compose, as well as gymnastics and endurance. In contrast to Athens, could take part in sports and were treated better (Elmer 1965).. In Rome, all children were also taught rhetoric, composing and mathematics. Boys in addition were taught battling and agriculture, and girls to cook food and sew. When Rome adopted Greek heritage, they also included Greek philosophy. Students learned texts Greek oratory, argument and science. Not all the children could have an education in Rome. Many of them learned just some fundamentals of reading and mathematics. Some girls were allowed to continue their education together with boys (Elmer 1965).. Question 7 One of the prime joining components of the Jewish belief, in detail, appears to be its focus on ritualized formal procedure for profoundly heritage events for example anniversaries, weddings and memorial services. Thus the Hebrew tradition is very much alike Eastern customs for instance Hinduism and some currents of Buddhism, that similarly de- highlight authorized conviction schemes supporting solid, and often complicated and highly focused, heritage behaviors, peculiarities and activities. The Hebrew effect on Western heritage, thus, is at one time well renowned and all-encompassing. Hebrew tradition highlights the significance of chronicled activities. When Jewish could not sustain an appropriate moral and principled stability among themselves and their surroundings, they allegedly bear exile, slavery and other communal and political troubles. Thus moral unity inside of the state and with their neighbors usually appears more important than strong armed force (Elmer 1965).. Question 8. Early Christian otherworldly schools had a purpose to recognize a two-sided magical custom coming from Judaism and Christianity throughout their determining years. As Judaism and Christianity are considered to be the signs of Second Temple Judaism, the beliefs that evolved concurrently inside analogous chronicled contextures, the mystic custom maintained in their writing is correctly distinguished as demonstration of Jewish and Christian religiousness in the Hellenistic and Roman periods (Elmer 1965).. Question 9 The early Christians were natural foes of the Greek culture. They came from idols to a church, and all of them had some of displeasure or even abhorrence to the customary polytheism. Moreover. TheChristians had the task to discourse the gospel to all countries, and so alter the idol Gentiles. The cathedrals were thus inevitably opposed to the Olympians and to all of their expression in art (Elmer 1965).. Question 10 Two establishmentsthe church and the monasterywere the places of education in the early Middle Ages. Monasteries represent the groups of men called monks, who refused from the natural life to pray and please God through devotion and work. The monks and the priests of the churches assisted extend the Latin reading and composing, and conserved numerous precious old documents for us. They furthermore organized most of the European schools(Elmer 1965).. Sources Elmer H. Wilds Kenneth V. Lottich eds. (1965). The Foundations of Modem Education. New. York: Holt. Rinehart and Winston

Analysis of Hollensen and the Primark store

Analysis of Hollensen and the Primark store According to Hollensen (2007) ,  « global marketing consists of finding and satisfying global customers needs better than the competition, and of coordinating marketing activities within the constraint of the global environment  ». In that essay , it comes to think about: In what way Primarks strategy could correspond to the needs of French customers. In other terms, is there an opportunity to Primark to setting up itself in France seeing the French environment. Irish clothing retailer founded in 1969 under the name of Penneys (still in Ireland) , Primark represented in 2008 3,9% of the global clothing retail value in United Kingdom. and counted 21827 employees. With a revenue which have reached 2,314m  £ in 2009, Primark count today 206 stores split among England as a majority with 144 stores ,Ireland Spain, Portugal, Germany , Netherland and more recently in Belgium. Retail part of the Associated British food group in which it represent in 2009, 25,5% of the entire revenue of the group, Primark enjoy the stability and the power that ABF group bring to the retailer. With a strategy of good quality for cheap price, Primark is after 40 years of experience recognised the second largest retailer in Uk with a growth in 2009-2010 higher than it competitors. With a gloomy economic climate which encourages people to look after the opportunity to buy cheaper, some leaders of the French fashion market as Zara, Kiabi and HM keep watching close this giant that is surrounding France and that nothing seems to stop. In today competitive market, satisfying the customers is seen as the only source of the firm profits. Precisely targeting our market seems to be the key success factor. In segmenting a market, factors such as geography ,demography, psychographic and behavioural would be relevant to analyse . Today, Primarks strategy is to propose an entire concept through all these stores.Allowing to realise economy of scale in the production and marketing, Primark is able to propose low prices. In the target market analysis, it is relevant to analyse if the target market of Primark in the UK would be suitable and have an opportunity of growth in France.(because changing the target market would bring to much costs for Primark). This essay will focus on the clothing part of Primark seeing the fact that Primarks core competencies is clothes retailing, that home market is a completely different market in France as well as baby clothes and required a particular analysis for each of them. Moreover, French clothing market could represent a growth opportunity as we will see below. In 2008, French population from 15 to 35 represented an important part with 38,7% of the total population. In terms of clothing expenditure, in 2009 men consumption in clothing for the 15-25 reached 3,9millliardsà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ nearly the same than women. However, in a general way, French men clothes expenditure is 15% less than women with an average of 360à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ for the year 2009. After gloomy 2009 year with a decrease of the consumption on clothing, 2010 represent the stop of the degradation of the clothing consumption with a tiny increase of O,2%With a young population in expansion, a target market still buying clothes and a general consumption of clothing which restart, there is an opportunity of growth for Primark in France. If we look at the Internationalisation motives of Hollensen (2007), one of the proactive reason which pushes a company to internationalize is the managerial urge that he defines by a reflection of general entrepreneurial motivation of a desire for continuous growth and market expansions. In the recent year, Primark showed the desire of conquest the western Europe by entering in new country such as recently Belgium. According to Bason John, financial director if AB foods, the performances of our new shops in the Iberian peninsula gives us the impulsion to continue our development in the European continent. Then, the first motive which could bring Primark in France could be the desire to become an European player of the fashion through it expansion all over Europe. One of the others proactive motives present by Hollensen is a foreign market opportunities and market information. Analytical tool such as PESTLE which allowed to get this information. Both part of the European union, UK and France benefit from the common European Union policy which facilitates exchange and trade. However, through state aid and by encouraging mergers between French firms to prevent takeovers by foreign firms, French government act against EU policy and still maintain a kind of protectionism. However, France benefits from a Political stability and the political side of France should not represent a threat for Primark. With an increasing unemployment rate and a decreasing consumption the last years, it seems that the crisis could represent an ally for Primark. While a study about the purchasing power shows that 49% that the under 35years old thinks that their purchasing power has strongly decreased the consumption habits of French goes forward the last opportunity to buy cheaper. As a study of clothing in France explain, the success of the sales periods shows that the sales drop mainly due to purchase power constraints but not as a fashion rejection. With its strategy  « sales price » all the year round, the change in French consumer habits could represent an opportunity . However, the consumer expenditure on clothing is a lot more higher in UK than in France with an expenditure for 2009 of 37805mnà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ decreasing in comparison with 2008 in France against 40472mn £ in UK ( à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€  46542à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬) increasing in comparison with 2008 While expenditure in UK continue to growth when it decrease in France , it could make Primark think that the clothing consumption habits between UK and France are different and then could represent a threat to Primark implementation. Finally for the consumption, according to the clothing in France report 2009, by 2013, clothing sales are forecasted to reach 26,980à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬millions, a 2,1 % rise in constant value compared to 2008 which let hope for Primark a bright future. In spite of the fact that Primark is an Irish company, from a market research and data point of view it is more relevant to analyse the accessibility of the French market through the comparison with the English implementation which is more important than the Irish one (144 shops in England instead of 38 in Ireland However, from a financial side , it is more relevant to deal with the Irish headquarter company where the money is going because Ireland is in eurozone. Alhtough as a report of associated british food explain, in a uncertain economic environment, price and exchange rate volatilities could be the major threats to the groups profitability By dealing with Ireland, Primark escape that kind of risks. In France, fashion remains an important part of the culture. Then , according to a study , French people are still attached to the brand and the luxury in the fashion sector and would prefer after use the sales period ( 41%) , buy cheapest brand (33%) Then, even if that trend does not automatically represent Primark target market (under 35)which can not necessarily afford luxury brand, French culture in the fashion sector could represent a threat for Primark. France has to face to the ageing of it population. Until 2050, 1/3 of the population will be ageing more than 60 years old. While some of Primarks competitors such as Kiabi (which proposes a fashion for the whole family), could begin a  « senior marketing  » by proposing clothing for senior, Primark could not enjoy this opportunity risking to break its strategy and positioning and lost its target. In an article about the factors of primarks success, Susan Segal-Horn says The focus part of Primarks strategy is the specific customer segment it focuses With a clear positioning , Primark answers to a special target market needs. Its ageing of population represents an indirect threat for Primark because it does not concern its target but it could benefice to its competitors which could gain a competitive advantage. In spite of the fact that the technological aspect is not the most relevant in the implementation of Primark in France, it is important to notice that the evolution and increase of the new technology influence the consumers to purchase more technological product such as mobile phones, internet, or IT equipment to the detriment of others goods such as clothes. In Primarks case ,legal and environmental factors are linked. According to a study, fashion industry remain one of the most exploitive in the word, both to people and environment However, consumers are more and more aware of the environmental aspect of goods. Often critics for this workers conditions, Primark is now part of Ethical Trading initiative which guarantees the protection of workers and environment. Analysis an environment , it also analysis the competitive environment to be able to gain a competitive advantage. According to an article about the success of Primark, primark has got teams of buyers in UK and Ireland travel internationally both to identify fashion trends and to seek out the most competitive suppliers Then, by always looking to reduce its costs Primark prefers to spread its production through a lot of small suppliers which made the power of suppliers low. Highly competitive, the clothing retail industry is already full of players. Moreover, the costs to get in the market is very high which make the threat of new entrants low. This highly competitive market make the power of buyers very high. Indeed, consumers trends in now to look after cheap prices. By having multi choice, they can easily switch from a shop to another. Still due to the multiplayers market, the power of substitutes product is high. Indeed, the competition is more based on the price strategy but the product range that propose all the shop follow the same fashion trend. Then , the products are quite similar from a shop to another. Source: clothing in France, Euromonitor international, October 2009 As we can see with that figures, clothing industry in France does not have a big driver players but still have some strong brands such as Vivarte which groups 24 brands such as LA HALLE, DEFIMODE.. which are, according to their price strategy similar to Primark and could represent potential competitor. However, brand such as ZARA, HM very popular and perceived as trend setters among the French population will represent the biggest competitor for Primark. But those brand proposing price still higher than Primark, Kiabi, by it price strategy similar to Primark could represent a big competitor from a price strategy side. Add to that direct competition, the increasing of the online shopping. According to the IFM group, online clothing sales increased by 31% in value between July 2007 and June 2008 To get a well understanding of the opportunity that Primark has in France, a SWOT analysis will be helpful: According to clothing in France report,  « In terms of market share, the leader have the ability to adapt quickly to market demand by offering many different collection By proposing a fast fashion strategy, Primark has the opportunity to become an important player in France. However, it will have to face to a high competitive industry with some players already well established and some consumers habits. When a company is considering all possible channel strategies when entering in a new market, there are three major modes: Export, Intermediary (or contractual mode) Hierarchical (or direct investment activities). According to Hollensen ( 2007), the choice of the entry mode can not be stated categorically and depend on many internal and external conditions. By analysing some of the Hollensens factors, we will analyse which way should take Primark to its entry in the French market. As a manager from Primark says in the corporate video its quality travel, its value for money travel. Primark is exporting a whole strategy, business and know-how. Franchising , one of the intermediate modes allowing to use an entire business in compensation of money could bring the opportunity to Primark to control the major part of it setting up in France. However, by having strong financial resources, Primark is able to choose an entry mode market which could guarantee it a total control of it business and escape the risk link to an international franchise (quality control, jurisdiction) . A hierarchical model, even highly risky and not flexible, seems to be in the setting up of Primark in France the most relevant. According to Hollensen(2007),  «hierarchical mode is the entry mode where the firm completely owns and control the foreign entry mode and organization. Conscious that few hierarchical modes are possible, the wholly owned subsidiary seems to be the most adapted for Primark setting up in France. Through a total control of it operating companies and by controlling the know how, the decision making, the companys trade secret, the wholly owned subsidiary allowed to Primark which have for objectives to become a European player to be implemented more easily a coordinate strategy. Moreover by choosing a Greenfield investment, which is defined as direct investment in new facilities or existing facilities instead of an acquisition which acquires an existing firm, Primark would be able to keep its production logistics strategy. Although Primark production strategy is the base of cost saving, main factors of its success. By dealing directly with manufacturers mainly in Asia and by ordering in huge volume, Primark is able to sell at very low price notably thanks to the cheap labour cost and by realising economy of scale. Setting up in a very high competitive market, Primark has to adopte a strategy which will allowed it to gain a competitive advantage. According to Michael porter (1985), there are three basics competitive advantage that a firm can possess: Low cost, differentiation, Focus. According to Johnson the low price strategy, seeks to achieve a lower price than competitors whilst maintaining similar perceived product or service benefits to those offered by the competitors. According to Lynch the low cost leader in an industry has built and maintain plant, equipment, labour costs and working practices that deliver the lowest costs in an industry. By always looking for the most competitive suppliers all around the world and by spreading its production in developing economies which offered low cost labour, Primark is able to control it cost and at the end to propose cheap price to its consumers. According to a menswear controller in UK in an interview We do bring extraordinary value to our customers but we do it by bringing extraordinary volume to our factory In proposing the same product everywhere, Primark is able to order huge quantity which allow to realise economy of scale. As the Associated British food report in 2009 summarises Primark offers low price because it purchases very large volumes and has low marks up, minimal advertising and low overheads. The entire Primark concept is built around the control of its logistics, cost and strategy development which allows it to follow a cost leadership strategy when it comes to it setting up in France. By following its strategy, Primark would launch a Price war within the French market obliging its competitors to reduce their margins as HM and ZARA already start to do so However , as one of the article highlighted : it takes a lot of money to look this cheap.and the control of the cost is very hard to manage which explain the choice of the wholly owned subsidiary as market entry mode. IMPLEMENTATION Developed by McCarthys around the four major Ps (Product, Price, Place Promotion),the traditional marketing mix has received criticisms. Including three others Ps (people, physical evidence, Process) suggested by Booms and Bitners, the 7Ps framework is today the reference to analyse the implementation of a strategy. In favour of the globalization, Levitt argues that, the needs of consumers are more and more homogenized creating a single global market pushing towards a global strategy (standardisation instead of adaptation to the local market). Then, implementation is all about whether adapt or standardize. If we look at the factors favouring standardisation such as the convergence of tastes and consumers needs, the economies of scale in RD, production and marketing, then Primark would definitely go towards a standardisation of its strategy when it is setting up in France. Primarks product strategy is to propose the same collection everywhere, with the same clothes in each of its stores which allows them to order in huge quantity and at the end to propose low price. The other part of Primarks product strategy is to put new product on the shelf every week. A season is defined by Primark not as summer, winter or spring but as six week window When Primark will setting up in France, the concept and the product will be the same than in Germany, in Spainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ However there is existing differences between French and English clothing style. Indeed as an article about the French style clothing explain, Bold and bright colored clothes, loud prints or lots of embellishments are something French women avoid wearing In a general way, the French fashion looks more classical and simple than the English fashion. According to my shopper experience, Primarks clothing lines are for some of them flowery, with a lot of prints and really colourful. Moreover the size of the dress that English girls are wearing are very short in comparison with what I am used to seeing. An adaptation of the product could be judicious for the setting up in France. However, any adaptation bring costs which could increase the price and do not correspond to Primarks low costs strategy. Primarks product will follow a standardisation strategy in a first time and could like in Spain adapt some clothing lines as the director of the Spanish Primarks explains when he says the taste of the Spanish customers are similar from the British one, in spite of the fact that some clothing collections has been adapted with for example more colour for the Spanish market. When it comes to the pricing strategy, some authors proposed a International pricing framework which take in account the factors influencing the Pricing strategyIn a general way, as we saw fashion industry are highly competitive and the degree of comparability of Primarks product in the French market is high as Primarks strategy is to propose the same product than its competitors but at a lower Price. If we only take in account that factors Primark would have to tend towards a low Price strategy. However the most influencing factors for the pricing strategy in France is the corporate and marketing objectives of Primark. Indeed Primarks strategy is to make their customers primarks addict pushing them to come back every week;(Primark corporate video, 2010) by notably proposing a fast moving product strategy. The target market would be the under 35 which are characterised by a limited income. In order to attract that target and make them come back, Primark has to put a low Price strategy. As we saw in the second part, Primarks strategy is focus on the control of its costs. In notably realising economy of scale and by improving their skills ( what Doole and Lowe called learning curve) Primark has honed its business model into a science which allowed Primark to Proposed very low Price. When it comes to the setting up of Primarks in France, Primark will use an aggressive strategy such as market penetration Price that Hollensen (2007) defined as the use of the low prices used by a firm to rapidly increase sales by stimulating growth and increasing market share, but at the same time discouraging competition. which will allow Primark to launch a Price war in the French clothing market. Finally, it is important to notice that Primarks price strategy is allowed by its communication strategy nearly inexistent with the quasi absence of advertising as an article highlighted when it says Primark is a high street retailer which has a family of brands and focuses much more on buying, logistics and supply chain management than branding According to Hollensen(2007), standardisation in the communication requires that the firms product has a unique selling proposition that is clearly understood by customers. As we already see, Primarks strategy is to sell a unique concept all over its stores which allow it to standardise it communication (even quasi inexistent). When it comes to communication ,while its competitors such as HM or mango spend a lot on advertising , associating their brand name with famous fashion designers, artists or top model, Primark will follow the same way of communication as Zara which does not advertise at all and relies on word of mouth and its natural prestige. Indeed Primarks communication is mainly made through its simple and understandable look good, pay less slogan which remain the same in every country even with different languages , through its blue Logo , through the visibility of its brand ( for example in the Primarks bag that people will carry in the street), the agencement of it stores and the people on it. Primarks communication is made through the last three Ps of the marketing mix which are People, Process and Physical evidence and not through the usual communication tools such as advertising, personal selling more expensive. However as an article from the Irish times, Primarks strategy is reaching the highest number of potential customers at the lowest cost. Defining by Hollensen (2007) as a Online word of Mouth marketing technique that seeks to exploits existing social networks to produce exponential increases in brand awareness, the Viral marketing is one of the tool for Primark in France. Indeed while Primark is not setting up in France, the social network facebook already gets more than 20 groups asking for Primark In France such as for example For the opening of a Primark in France or We want Primark in France Matching its young targets, often heavy users of internet, enjoying from the expansion of its social network, and corresponding to its strategy of word of mouth to attract the maximum of customers, Internet through the internet viral seems to be a real potential way of communication if France as well as for the company as it is very cheap. According to a study about retailing in France , Apart from Price, proximity and convenience were among the majors needs of French consumers. While Primark is looking for highway and huge surfaces, industrial zone (characterised by cheaper rent but high frequentation) or Big malls (which regroup a lots of shop and are often situated in highway) seems to be the best place for Primark. Moreover a part of Primarks target is the teenagers which are characterised by a low mobility and go shopping in easy accessible place.(E.g.: The teenager do not have driving licenses and often go to big shopping centers where a lot of shops are together and with an easiest access than the industrial zone). However in order to define what could be the distribution strategy for Primark in France, it is important to look at the precedent implementation of Primark in Europe. Except in Spain with five stores in Madrid and England with one store in Oxford street (London) Primark do not setting up in the capital. If we look at the German, Belgium and Netherland implementation, Primark has a stores in Frankfurt (richest city in Germany) in Rotterdam ( second city in Netherlands)and in Liege (third most populated city in Belgium). In Portugal it has a stores in Rio Tonto and Amadora (Lisbon metropolitan area). We can see that Primarks implementation in Europe and notably in the recent implementation it also made through test city by not implementing it stores in the capital (often more expensive than the others city) but in important city in the country or in the capital region which could be less expensive and then reduce the costs. Seeing the precedent implementation in Europe and seeing the needs of French consumers and especially the target young target market, a selective coverage in some test area could be relevant and then turn towards an intensive distribution (which correspond better to a low price and high turnover strategy), if the test is concluding like in Spain which has now 18 shops. If we look at the Analysis of the first part through the use of Pestle and Porter five forces model, France market in spite of its high competitiveness seems to be ready to welcome Primark. However those models give a snapshot of an industry at a certain point and the fashion industry is fast moving and change very quickly. Moreover the habits of expenditure in that sector are highly affected by the external environment. As no one can predict what will happen, the setting up of Primark in France seems to be an opportunity but the external environment if suddenly changed (like the crisis in 2009 which slow down the expenditure in most of the sector), could make the setting up of Primark more difficult. When Porter propose three distinct generic strategy, a company dreams would be to mix both of them. Indeed when Primark main strategy is cost leadership, it also could be saying that it looks after differentiation notably by not advertising and through its high fast moving product strategy (higher than it competitors). However the in-between strategy is highly risky and not affordable The mix marketing has to be seen as a basic for the implementation of Primark seeing the current French environment. However a marketing plan has to be flexible during the setting up and during the development of a company in a country according to the reaction and expectations of new customers and in order to match them. This high level of flexibility for a marketing mix can not necessarily be affordable by Primark as every change generate new cost. According to the financial director in Primark in a corporate video, there is still a lot of places where were not and where wed love to be sources. Neighbors of UK, France could be one of those place. Now surrounding France, Primarks success story is it following a country test strategy before its conquest of France ?