CULTURAL METAPHORS and THE WEEKLY CULTURAL FOCUS SECTIONS (japan) Research Proposal

Social METAPHORS and THE WEEKLY CULTURAL FOCUS SECTIONS (japan) - Research Proposal Example of the way of life is significant not exclusively to encourage legitimate business exchanges yet in addition since complete understanding of an alternate culture gives space for valuation for different societies in this manner advancing tranquil concurrence. In this manner, a comprehension of the Japanese culture helps my future profession tries as an organization’s delegate in global discussions. In any case, social examinations require broad exploration from various assets going from the web to books among others. The Japanese culture has been secured by generally numerous books that are reliable. In that capacity, a large portion of my exploration will be founded on books through the direction of the curator on the best reference books. Moreover, I intend to utilize the web since it demonstrated to be an incredible asset particularly for data on current issues, for example, through papers and diaries. In the wake of picking the best at any rate five references, I will go through them to accompany an explained book index which is fundamental in drawing outlines for the last paper. With this I want to have made a fantastic last paper as well as to have increased adequate information in regards to the Japanese

Essay on Definition of TerrorismEssay Writing Service

Exposition on Definition of TerrorismEssay Writing Service Exposition on Definition of Terrorism Exposition on Definition of TerrorismThe term fear mongering has gotten particularly genuine and important in our general public in light of the psychological militant acts which happen in various corners of the planet these days. Along these lines, its definition must be justifiable and exact and obviously distinguish the sort of wrongdoing which falls under this definition for the proper response and discipline. So as to make my own definition, it is important to examine the most well known and dependable ones.There are various definitions in various government and global networks. Be that as it may, let’s take definitions recommended by the persuasive American occasions, for example, the U.S. Branch of State and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). FBI presents its meaning of psychological oppression: its unlawful brutality against individuals or property so as to drive the legislature or separate people to satisfy terrorists’ necessities. As indicated by the U .S. Code psychological oppression is a deliberate planned viciousness against unarmed individuals or targets typically dedicated by subnational bunches so as to have political or other impact. In spite of some less significant contrasts, the two definitions express that fear based oppression assumes the utilization of power or the further political or social pressure.The U.S. Code goes further and isolates the term fear based oppression into two ideas: â€Å"domestic terrorism† and â€Å"international terrorism†. The two sorts of fear based oppression have the accompanying normal qualities: psychological warfare is meant to 1) threaten non military personnel individuals; 2) have effect on the administration utilizing power and terrorizing; 3) submit psychological militant activities, for example, seizing, mass devastation and death so as to constrain the legislature to satisfy the necessities (What International Terrorism implies, 2002). The main distinction is that gl obal fear mongering happens outside the U.S. regional purview and local psychological warfare happens inside the regional ward of the States.Analyzing all the data recorded above I would recommend such a definition: fear based oppression is a conscious generally outfitted demonstration of savagery submitted against residents or property so as to cause them or the legislature to acknowledge terrorists’ prerequisites. Psychological oppressor acts generally happen on the political, ethnical or strict ground. It was similarly simple for me to make a meaning of fear based oppression in light of the fact that there are such huge numbers of solid sources on this point and this subject is of incredible enthusiasm for me.The War on Terrorism and Limitation on Human RightsIt abandons saying that battle against psychological warfare is one of the critical assignments of the American government. Fear based oppression is a genuine danger today and security of the national interests and Am erican residents is the full duty of the American government and law.  However, it is important to discover a  â balance between the war on psychological warfare and confinements on people’s rights and opportunities because of this war.As a response to the occasions of September 11, 2001 there have been marked two acts †the USA Patriot Act and Homeland Security Act, which were proposed to diminish the danger of fear mongering.  However, these follows up on the opposite undermine and cutoff social liberties of the American populace. â€Å"The Patriot Act, overwhelmingly passed by Congress after September 11, 2001, alerts the American Civil Liberties Union, The Washington Post, the New York Times, government authorities in 152 networks, and three expresses that have passed goals denouncing this crisis measure† (Zirin, 2004). As per the Patriot Act, the administration is permitted to gather business records, have an entrance to email and Internet interchanges, use wiretaps, have mystery searches and some different focuses which disregard rights and opportunities of each resident broadcasted by the First, Fourth and Fifth Amendments to the Constitution †the most elevated legitimate law in America. The Homeland Security Act has been expected to foresee, forestall and prepare for fear based oppressor act, be that as it may, in reality likewise restricts people’s rights. Racial profiling and extra wellbeing safety measures are additionally among measures which have been taken in the casing of the War on Terrorism.In my feeling, the War on Terrorism is a need in the advanced society yet it is essential to be extremely cautious in this inquiry. Battling against fear based oppression, suspecting each resident and disregarding fundamental social liberties may cause people’s response which could be significantly more hazardous for the American culture than even psychological militant danger. Along these lines, the administratio n should do an exceptionally astute approach considering this topic.The Threat of ISIS and the Governmental PolicyThe Islamic State psychological oppressor Group, presently called ISIS or ISIL is the association which submits terroristic acts and its name is related with viciousness, slaughters, executions and infringement of human rights. Islamic State in Iraq and al-Sham which was formally declared in April this year and tallies a few thousand individuals is the most obsessive and radical association today. Prior it was known as Jamaat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad or Al-Qaeda.The fundamental danger of this gathering isn't simply in submitting of terroristic acts yet additionally in selecting of new individuals in the Islamic world and blending contempt, inciting viciousness and creating misconception on ethnic grounds. Non-human conduct, dismissing of human rights and opportunities, just as ridiculous slaughters is a danger to the whole mankind, not simply the United States.Today the Unite d States as well as a ton of different nations, including Switzerland which as a rule remains impartial in completely equipped undertakings, attempt to organize their powers and battle this danger together: â€Å"Speaking at a security gathering in Berlin, EU Justice Commissioner Franco Frattini said the Euro-Mediterranean set of accepted rules could trigger an achievement in UN endeavors to concur on a meaning of fear mongering and a set of principles for governments around the world (Anti-Terrorism Code Is Adopted, 2005). It's a given that strategies utilized by the States and Europe are at times faulty however the central matter is that such sort of association can't be left without control. Terroristic association left all alone is the danger for the whole mankind and just dynamic and solid position might be powerful in this battle.

Take It Simple

Take It Simple Growing up in Ohio, you couldnt go a day without hearing three words: take it easy. As a fond farewell Ive heard this exclamation so many times its ingrained. Midwesterners are programmed to recite this locution whenever a conversation or meal or meeting adjourns. Goodbye. See you later. Take it easy. But the other day, as I waved goodbye to the FedEx delivery woman leaving my office in Missoula, I surprised myself when out of nowhere I hollered take it simple. I have no idea why I blurted simple instead of easy, but I did, and I liked the subtle change, a slight twist of phrase that radically altered the idioms meaning. So I began using it as my new farewellâ€"take it simpleâ€"in emails and face to face. (Youre welcome to do the same.) Although both words seem similar, easy and simple are not synonyms. In fact, if anything they are antonyms. Something is easy when its achieved without great effort. Simplicity on the other hand involves plenty of deliberate effort, intention, rigor, attention to detail.  A disastrous forest fire is easy; elegant fireworks are simple. You see, easy just happens, but  simple is planned,  carefully curated, well executed. Me? Im a simple man. I live a simple life, not an easy one. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Teens Choose to Become Pregnant

Adult women old enough to have teenagers dont get it, but their teenage daughters do. Teen pregnancy has evolved from a shameful situation to a symbol of status in many high schools in the US, and moms of teenage daughters have seen this happen in their lifetimes. The June 2008 allegation that a teenage pregnancy pact may have existed at Gloucester High School in Massachusetts, resulting in 17 pregnancies in a school of 1200 students, rocked a town that counts among its residents a large Catholic population. The previous year, the school had only 4 student pregnancies in comparison. Of the girls who were pregnant at the time, none were older than 16. TIME magazine, which broke the story on their website on June 18, 2008, reported: School officials started looking into the matter as early as October after an unusual number of girls began filing into the school clinic to find out if they were pregnant. By May, several students had returned multiple times to get pregnancy tests, and on hearing the results, some girls seemed more upset when they werent pregnant than when they were, Sullivan says. All it took was a few simple questions before nearly half the expecting students, none older than 16, confessed to making a pact to get pregnant and raise their babies together. Then the story got worse. We found out one of the fathers is a 24-year-old homeless guy, the principal says, shaking his head. Teenage pregnancy is only part of the issue. Another more complicated aspect touches on legal and criminal issues - statutory rape and Romeo and Juliet laws. Engaging in sex with anyone under the age of 16 is a crime in Massachusetts. And as a June 2008 Reuters story revealed, a handful of the fathers are adults: ...[L]ocal officials said at least some of the men involved in the pregnancies were in their mid-20s, including one man who appeared to be homeless. Others were boys in the school.Carolyn Kirk, mayor of the port city 30 miles northeast of Boston, said authorities are looking at whether to pursue statutory rape charges. Were at the very early stages of wrestling with the complexities of this problem, she said. But we also have to think about the boys. Some of these boys could have their lives changed. They could be in serious, serious trouble even if it was consensual because of their age -- not from what the city could do but from what the girls families could do, she told Reuters. And the teen pregnancies at Gloucester High School raise yet another hot-button topic; the idea of schools providing contraception. The Reuters article indicated that during the course of the school year, Gloucester High administered 150 pregnancy tests to students but, in a phone interview with Greg Verga, chairman of the Gloucester School Committee, discovered that the administration resisted efforts to prevent pregnancy: The school forbids the distribution of condoms and other contraception without parental consent -- a rule that prompted the schools doctor and nurse to resign in protest in May.But even if we had contraceptives, that pact shows that if they wanted to get pregnant, they will get pregnant. Whether we distribute contraceptives is irrelevant, said Verga . As parents agonized over what had happened in their town to their teenage daughters and were puzzled by a large number of pregnant girls, others understood why what was once a shunned condition now seems glamorous. Part of it may have to do with teen pregnancy films such as, which some have said glosses over the very real problems teenage moms face in favor of a hip Hollywood version of life as a baby mama. And part of it is rooted in the socialization of young girls and teens. Books, films and music bombard teens with the message that being loved are what really matters. For teens unsure about themselves and their relationships, the desire for some form of unconditional love leads many to think motherhood will satisfy that longing. As the TIME article observed: Amanda Ireland, who graduated from Gloucester High on June 8, thinks she knows why these girls wanted to get pregnant. Ireland, 18, gave birth her freshman year and says some of her now pregnant schoolmates regularly approached her in the hall, remarking how lucky she was to have a baby. Theyre so excited to finally have someone to love them unconditionally, Ireland says. I try to explain its hard to feel loved when an infant is screaming to be fed at 3 a.m. Sources Kingsbury, Kathleen. Pregnancy Boom at Gloucester High.TIME.com, 18 June 2008.Szep, Jason. Teen pregnancy pact shocks Massachusetts city. Reuters.com, 19 June 2008.

Icebreaker Games for the First Day of Drama Class

At the beginning of each semester, every drama teacher is faced with a difficult challenge: How does one get 23 complete strangers to quickly become friends and colleagues? Icebreakers help students (and teachers!) learn names, project voices, and express themselves. Each one of the activities listed below provides an experience that is both entertaining and productive. The games may be simple enough for elementary students, but teens will have just as much fun. There are many variations of these activities, but the first and foremost step is to form a circle so that all of the participants can clearly see one another. Name Game This is an ideal first-day activity. Each person announces his or her name while stepping forward and striking a pose that reflects their personality. For example, Emily might hop out, angle her arms like an Egyptian hieroglyphic, and joyously shout, â€Å"Emily!† Then, everyone else jumps forward and repeats her name, copying Emily’s voice and movement. Afterward, the circle returns to normal, and then it’s on to the next person. It’s an engaging, energizing way for everyone to introduce themselves. Worlds Greatest Sandwich In this fun memory game, the goal is to create a massive imaginary sandwich. One person begins by saying his or her name and then states an ingredient to go in the sandwich. For example: My name is Kevin, and the worlds greatest sandwich has pickles. The next person in the circle announces their name and says Kevins ingredient as well as their own: Hi, my name is Sarah, and the worlds greatest sandwich has pickles and popcorn. If the instructor chooses, everyone can chant along as the sandwich grows. The ingredients often get wild; you could end up with a pickle-popcorn-meatball-chocolate-syrup-grass-eyeball-lettuce-pixie-dust sandwich. Finally, have the kids pantomime taking a bite. In addition to building memorization skills, this activity uses ridiculous humor to break the ice. Whoozit For this game, one person is chosen to be the â€Å"Seeker.† After that person leaves the room, another is chosen to be the â€Å"Whoozit.† This player makes constant rhythmic motions that change every 20 seconds or so. For example, first, the Whoozit might clap hands, then snap fingers, then pat their head. The other circle members discretely follow along. Then the Seeker enters, hoping to figure out which student is the Whoozit. Standing in the middle of the circle, he or she gets three guesses while the Whoozit tries their best to switch actions without being noticed. By giving the students a common goal, this team helps to ignite a sense of camaraderie among the group. Rhyme Time In this fast-paced game, the instructor stands in the center of the circle. He or she names a setting and a situation and then points to one of the students at random. Using improvisation skills, the student begins telling a story with a single sentence. For example: â€Å"I just found out I have a long-lost twin.† The instructor then points to a new speaker who must continue the story and create a rhyme: â€Å"I guess Mom tossed a coin and my bro didn’t win.† To prevent it from becoming too challenging, treat the rhymes as couplets, meaning that the students are only tasked with creating two rhymed lines at a time—the next chosen player creates a new line of the story with a new sound. The improvised tale goes on until a student fails to produce a rhyme. Then he or she sits in the middle of the circle and the group starts a new story. This goes on until the circle shrinks down to one or two champions. Instructors should make certain to increase the speed as the game progresses. This fun activity is sure to bring lots of laughs as students create an absurd story when put on the spot.

Eight Stages In the Development of Man Free Essays

Aging in the middle ages is certain that life has meaning and it is clear what life really is, it assigned to humans as highly important compare to all living things. The life span on earth is only diminutive interval, as we stay on earth the soul temporary become a prison of the body, the human body experience a short trial and test meant to end death. The important aspect is the life after death of the body, the existence of human being is not focused on what was gained in this material world, what life can offer, but reserves the immortal soul from death and ceaseless death and torture, by gaining endless life and everlasting happiness. We will write a custom essay sample on Eight Stages In the Development of Man or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the development of man in a chronological way there are eight stages infancy (0-2years), early childhood (age 2-6), middle childhood (6-12 years), adolescence (12-18 years), early adulthood (18-40), middle adulthood (40-60), the irregular sounding early late adulthood (60-75) and late adulthood (75+).   In childhood development, children develop rapidly as they are exposed to different attitudes and behaviors. They learn many things formally and informally, these experiences contribute to their emotional, intellectual, physical and social development. Adolescence has traditionally been viewed to begin with puberty, a sudden spurt in physical growth accompanied by sexual maturity. There is a common image of adolescents as unpredictable creatures, prone to mood swing and wild emotional outbursts. This shows that adolescents are more emotionally volatile than adults. In adulthood the individuals grow older they confront new combinations of biological drives and societal demands. By forty years old, most people are all too aware of the changes occurring within their bodies. Strength and vigor in various organ systems decline and changes are readily visible in body shapes and skin as bulges and wrinkles gradually replace gradually replace the sleek torsos and smooth exterior of youth. Sexual activity tends to decrease for both sexes and women in their late forties or early fifties experience pause. Physical changes are inevitable during mid-life, but the magnitude and the rate of such changes are strongly influenced by the the individual lifestyle. Growing evidence suggests that such factors as physical exercise, personal nutrition and effective management of stress may be better predictors of physical vigor and health than age. Comparative research has been made choosing animal models for research in aging, examination of animals is made so that the importance and suitability of particular genus for studies on aging. They use animal model on research for aging because it is a living life form on which a normative natural or behavioral characteristic of aging can be studied. It a semantic confusion when we hear the term research on aging, so we must characterize the areas of scientific analysis on aging. There are two wide categories to do research – the biology of aging or pathology of aging. When we refer to the biology of aging it is commonly based on the origin that aging and are normal processes, a fraction of physiological range in which aging is a step in the progress of the normal life span. Whereas, the pathology of aging is based on the basis that aging is a disease. To define aging more precisely, research should give more focus on genetic inclination from birth to old age, which may require the evaluation of very young  subjects to typify its growth and eventual appearance in the aged. The occurrence of  disease, exposure to environmental pollutants, and infectious agents that affect the elderly  that manifest only at their old age. The most important goals of biomedical and  behavioral research on aging is to develop the worth of life for the aged, to have a direct  development of efficient health concern services for the aged. There are two kinds of aging, primary aging and secondary aging. Primary aging  refers to changes produced by increasing age. Secondary aging can be traced to changes  resulting from disease, disuse, or abuse of our bodies. It is incorrect to attribute ill health  and discomfort to simply the negative effects of old age. Factors such as lifestyle and  specific illnesses, which are not age related, should be considered as possible causes. Indeed, our physical state during later life is more under our control. Such psychological ideas came from Greek and Roman thought. There is a concealed measurement of ancient philosophy that appeal to a theory divine transcendence ultimately triumphed in form of religion. Both prehistoric and medieval civilizations took for granted that the thoughtful means of life represented the utmost opportunity of human subsistence. This reality is essential to understand the contemporary apprehension of old age, which is a horror of the vacuum, the indeterminate state of apathy. The attitudes that the Greek holds do not necessarily replicate the realism of other  people’s lives. Even healthier individuals have a pessimistic outlook towards aging thus,  influence the perception of younger people to the ways they choose to interact with the  elderly. There are two conflicting traditions of thought that propose our ideas and  attitudes about aging, the traditional Greek view of aging is very negative, because the  Greeks strained the enormous luck and the great hardship of the old. In their own  view if a person has already conceded his/her youthful years, it is better to die than  experience the indignities of aging. On the other hand the medieval attitudes towards  aging is very positive, since they believe that as a a person grows older, it brings position  and prestige to him and his family and also the community where he lives. This  discrepancy among the contrasting civilization is best seen in the reasons specified for the  death of a young person. In the Middle Eastern view is that the bad man dies young whereas, an old age is  a sanction which means when a person dies young he is not blessed, in contrast to ancient  Greek which believes that a man who dies at an early age is loved by the Gods and a individual who lives into old age is being punished by the Gods. The attitudes that the Greek holds do not necessarily replicate the realism of other people’s lives. Even healthier individuals have a pessimistic outlook towards aging thus; influence the perception of younger people to the ways they choose to interact with the elderly. There are two conflicting traditions of thought that propose our ideas and  attitudes about aging, the traditional Greek view of aging is very negative, because the Greeks strained the enormous luck and the great hardship of the old. In their own  view if a person has already conceded his/her youthful years, it is better to die than  experience the indignities of aging. On the other hand the medieval attitudes towards  aging is very positive, since they believe that as a   person grows older, it brings position  and prestige to him and his family and also the community where he lives. This  discrepancy among the contrasting civilization is best seen in the reasons specified for the  death of a young person. In the Middle Eastern view is that the bad man dies young whereas, an old age is  a sanction which means when a person dies young he is not blessed, in contrast to ancient  Greek which believes that a man who dies at an early age is loved by the Gods and a  individual who lives into old age is being punished by the Gods. Deprived wellbeing in aging requires increased beneficial expenditures that transmit income from other essential areas such as home preservation or the purchase of food. There should be a concerned social or physical environment may retard the rate of functional loss to some degree. Successful planning for an aging society obviously requires attention to the qualitative aspects of aging as well as to the quantitative features. Such factors mostly define the value of life at any age and include not only health status but also monetary standing and aspects of both social and substantial environment. There are large numbers of changes in the ways aging people experience in their environments, during the years of adulthood and into old age. These changes engross the course of sensation and perception. We define sensation as the transmission of the sights, sounds, smells, tastes, and feel of the internal and outside environments, into terms that the brain can use to interpret these signals. In contrast, the term perception is the procedure that happens in the brain as it integrates these signals with the person’s past comprehension and information coming from the different experiences. The aging process affects both sensation and perception in the tangential and central mechanism of the nervous system. Lots of information is available which are responsible on the aging of the structures for sensation compare on the aging of upper level brain centers concerned in perception. There are deep effects on adjustment of the many age correlated changes in the understanding of intellect information. In every day existence adults use sensory and perceptual processes, from ordinary routine interaction to difficult problem situations, and even on matters of life and death. Context is a common issue that may strengthen the usual cognitive problems of aging. The associated changes in the brain dopamine has influence how people process background information, which in turn can hurt concentration memory and more. The psychologist have establish the â€Å"absent link† between the aging brain and waning cognitive abilities, there are also studies that shows where the older people and younger people pathways in context processing. The slow lessening of the ability to gain and utilize background clues could clarify why aging people refuse cognition across a range of function. Psychologist develops complete, brain based representation of normal aging, that makes them able to eventually slow or stop these worrying cognitive decline. The best example is when psychologist uses dopamine to be used in context   Ã‚  processing which is a kind of psychological â€Å"operating system† that sits among the brain’s prefrontal cortex and cognition; they believe that definite sufficient levels of the chemical messenger dopamine, the prefrontal cortex consistently enables to course for a thought, memory of the actions. Therefore, context processing can have a wide impact, straddling cognitive process once thought to be autonomous. The context processing, has the capability to supersede a defaulting behavior to perform something in a contextually suitable way. To sum it up, in this process helps aging people to decide which way to go to the market, what to utter based on who is listening or what uncertain word would mean in a meticulous sentence. Health promotion has been a functional social science whose theoretical structure has developed from a psychology, anthropology and sociology foundation. Since 1970’s there are already programs given based on the theories of health promotions, usually implemented across large populations. It is also a mixture of health education and related managerial, political, and economic changes conductive to wellbeing. A health promotion program, then, is planned to improve the health and welfare of individuals and communities by giving the people with the information, expertise, services, and sustainability needed to take on and preserve optimistic lifestyle changes. Successful health promotion programs are health enhancement programs; they go further than providing information to effect behavioral alteration. It emphasize has been on physical health condition and health assurance, usual study of insurance price infer that the health promotion program could decrease morbidity from disease. Two types of learning programs for older drivers have been developed, the first one is precautionary driving approach to decrease fears and sharpen driving skills. The next program is for older citizens who had one or other accidents and uses a defensive-driving/traffic school approach to decrease threat of accident. Programs may be offered in a multiplicity of setting such as senior and district centers. The organization of support groups, conducting of meetings of people with meticulous emotional wants share and discuss the crisis the member faces. These groups can be organized by retirement homes, hospitals, senior centers, and community interest society.   Reassurance of telephone programs, it is the duty of a fit and self sufficient person to voluntary calls a homebound or apprehensive elder person each day at the same time to check on his protection and well being. Transportation programs, there are vans or minibuses that provide transport for older adults or the handicapped to physicians, hospital, clinics. Volunteer programs, any sort of organization that operates more efficiently and has increased sense of community importance if an efficient volunteer is developed and equipped. Program developments include advances in public wellbeing, preventive and curative medicine, health education, and medical technology have caused enormous changes in the configuration of the populace of aging populations. Conclusion Everyone of us started from being a child until we reach old age, as we grow older we become unique to other people, each of us has a different genetic make up. During the life course, the range of those persons is created by how person invested time and energy. The life time approach to the learning of aging is one way of conceptualizing many of the factors that influence how individual modify as they grow older, and how different personality show unlike patterns of change in aging. Work Cited Cockayne K. (2003). Experiencing Old Age in Ancient Rome. Sociology, Routlidge Publishing. Decalmer P. and Glandenning F. (1997) The Mistreatment of Elderly People. Sociology. Sage Publication. Sage Newbury Park, CA. Davies, J.K., Gordon M., editor (1998). Quality, Evidence, and Health Effectiveness in Health Promotion. Routledge Publishing. Gilford, D. M. (1988).The Aging Population In The Twenty-First Century. Contributor National Academy of Sciences. National Academic Press. Haber, D. (2007). Health Promotion of Aging; Practical Applications for Health Professionals. Fourth edition. Springer Publishing Company Timmreck, T.C. (2003).Planning Program Development and Evaluation. Jones and Barlett Publishers. Timiras, P.S., (2002) Physiological Basis of Aging And Geriatrics. Mac Millan Publishing. New York. Webb, R.C., (1999). Psychology of The Consumer And It’s Development .Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers. New York. How to cite Eight Stages In the Development of Man, Essay examples Eight Stages In the Development of Man Free Essays Aging in the middle ages is certain that life has meaning and it is clear what life really is, it assigned to humans as highly important compare to all living things. The life span on earth is only diminutive interval, as we stay on earth the soul temporary become a prison of the body, the human body experience a short trial and test meant to end death. The important aspect is the life after death of the body, the existence of human being is not focused on what was gained in this material world, what life can offer, but reserves the immortal soul from death and ceaseless death and torture, by gaining endless life and everlasting happiness. We will write a custom essay sample on Eight Stages In the Development of Man or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the development of man in a chronological way there are eight stages infancy (0-2years), early childhood (age 2-6), middle childhood (6-12 years), adolescence (12-18 years), early adulthood (18-40), middle adulthood (40-60), the irregular sounding early late adulthood (60-75) and late adulthood (75+).   In childhood development, children develop rapidly as they are exposed to different attitudes and behaviors. They learn many things formally and informally, these experiences contribute to their emotional, intellectual, physical and social development. Adolescence has traditionally been viewed to begin with puberty, a sudden spurt in physical growth accompanied by sexual maturity. There is a common image of adolescents as unpredictable creatures, prone to mood swing and wild emotional outbursts. This shows that adolescents are more emotionally volatile than adults. In adulthood the individuals grow older they confront new combinations of biological drives and societal demands. By forty years old, most people are all too aware of the changes occurring within their bodies. Strength and vigor in various organ systems decline and changes are readily visible in body shapes and skin as bulges and wrinkles gradually replace gradually replace the sleek torsos and smooth exterior of youth. Sexual activity tends to decrease for both sexes and women in their late forties or early fifties experience pause. Physical changes are inevitable during mid-life, but the magnitude and the rate of such changes are strongly influenced by the the individual lifestyle. Growing evidence suggests that such factors as physical exercise, personal nutrition and effective management of stress may be better predictors of physical vigor and health than age. Comparative research has been made choosing animal models for research in aging, examination of animals is made so that the importance and suitability of particular genus for studies on aging. They use animal model on research for aging because it is a living life form on which a normative natural or behavioral characteristic of aging can be studied. It a semantic confusion when we hear the term research on aging, so we must characterize the areas of scientific analysis on aging. There are two wide categories to do research – the biology of aging or pathology of aging. When we refer to the biology of aging it is commonly based on the origin that aging and are normal processes, a fraction of physiological range in which aging is a step in the progress of the normal life span. Whereas, the pathology of aging is based on the basis that aging is a disease. To define aging more precisely, research should give more focus on genetic inclination from birth to old age, which may require the evaluation of very young  subjects to typify its growth and eventual appearance in the aged. The occurrence of  disease, exposure to environmental pollutants, and infectious agents that affect the elderly  that manifest only at their old age. The most important goals of biomedical and  behavioral research on aging is to develop the worth of life for the aged, to have a direct  development of efficient health concern services for the aged.  Ã‚  There are two kinds of aging, primary aging and secondary aging. Primary aging  refers to changes produced by increasing age. Secondary aging can be traced to changes  resulting from disease, disuse, or abuse of our bodies. It is incorrect to attribute ill health  and discomfort to simply the negative effects of old age. Factors such as lifestyle and  specific illnesses, which are not age related, should be considered as possible causes. Indeed, our physical state during later life is more under our control. Such psychological ideas came from Greek and Roman thought. There is a concealed measurement of ancient philosophy that appeal to a theory divine transcendence ultimately triumphed in form of religion. Both prehistoric and medieval civilizations took for granted that the thoughtful means of life represented the utmost opportunity of human subsistence. This reality is essential to understand the contemporary apprehension of old age, which is a horror of the vacuum, the indeterminate state of apathy. The attitudes that the Greek holds do not necessarily replicate the realism of other  people’s lives. Even healthier individuals have a pessimistic outlook towards aging thus,  influence the perception of younger people to the ways they choose to interact with the  elderly. There are two conflicting traditions of thought that propose our ideas and  attitudes about aging, the traditional Greek view of aging is very negative, because the  Greeks strained the enormous luck and the great hardship of the old. In their own  view if a person has already conceded his/her youthful years, it is better to die than  experience the indignities of aging. On the other hand the medieval attitudes towards  aging is very positive, since they believe that as a a person grows older, it brings position  and prestige to him and his family and also the community where he lives. This  discrepancy among the contrasting civilization is best seen in the reasons specified for the  death of a young person. In the Middle Eastern view is that the bad man dies young whereas, an old age is  a sanction which means when a person dies young he is not blessed, in contrast to ancient Greek which believes that a man who dies at an early age is loved by the Gods and a individual who lives into old age is being punished by the Gods. The attitudes that the Greek holds do not necessarily replicate the realism of other people’s lives. Even healthier individuals have a pessimistic outlook towards aging thus; influence the perception of younger people to the ways they choose to interact with the elderly. There are two conflicting traditions of thought that propose our ideas and attitudes about aging, the traditional Greek view of aging is very negative, because the Greeks strained the enormous luck and the great hardship of the old. In their own  view if a person has already conceded his/her youthful years, it is better to die than  experience the indignities of aging. On the other hand the medieval attitudes towards  aging is very positive, since they believe that as a   person grows older, it brings position  and prestige to him and his family and also the community where he lives. This  discrepancy among the contrasting civilization is best seen in the reasons specified for thedeath of a young person. In the Middle Eastern view is that the bad man dies young whereas, an old age is  a sanction which means when a person dies young he is not blessed, in contrast to ancient  Greek which believes that a man who dies at an early age is loved by the Gods and a  individual who lives into old age is being punished by the Gods. Deprived wellbeing in aging requires increased beneficial expenditures that transmit income from other essential areas such as home preservation or the purchase of food. There should be a concerned social or physical environment may retard the rate of functional loss to some degree. Successful planning for an aging society obviously requires attention to the qualitative aspects of aging as well as to the quantitative features. Such factors mostly define the value of life at any age and include not only health status but also monetary standing and aspects of both social and substantial environment. There are large numbers of changes in the ways aging people experience in their environments, during the years of adulthood and into old age. These changes engross the course of sensation and perception. We define sensation as the transmission of the sights, sounds, smells, tastes, and feel of the internal and outside environments, into terms that the brain can use to interpret these signals. In contrast, the term perception is the procedure that happens in the brain as it integrates these signals with the person’s past comprehension and information coming from the different experiences. The aging process affects both sensation and perception in the tangential and central mechanism of the nervous system. Lots of information is available which are responsible on the aging of the structures for sensation compare on the aging of upper level brain centers concerned in perception. There are deep effects on adjustment of the many age correlated changes in the understanding of intellect information. In every day existence adults use sensory and perceptual processes, from ordinary routine interaction to difficult problem situations, and even on matters of life and death. Context is a common issue that may strengthen the usual cognitive problems of aging. The associated changes in the brain dopamine has influence how people process background information, which in turn can hurt concentration memory and more. The psychologist have establish the â€Å"absent link† between the aging brain and waning cognitive abilities, there are also studies that shows where the older people and younger people pathways in context processing. The slow lessening of the ability to gain and utilize background clues could clarify why aging people refuse cognition across a range of function. Psychologist develops complete, brain based representation of normal aging, that makes them able to eventually slow or stop these worrying cognitive decline. The best example is when psychologist uses dopamine to be used in context   Ã‚  processing which is a kind of psychological â€Å"operating system† that sits among the brain’s prefrontal cortex and cognition; they believe that definite sufficient levels of the chemical messenger dopamine, the prefrontal cortex consistently enables to course for a thought, memory of the actions. Therefore, context processing can have a wide impact, straddling cognitive process once thought to be autonomous. The context processing, has the capability to supersede a defaulting behavior to perform something in a contextually suitable way. To sum it up, in this process helps aging people to decide which way to go to the market, what to utter based on who is listening or what uncertain word would mean in a meticulous sentence. Health promotion has been a functional social science whose theoretical structure has developed from a psychology, anthropology and sociology foundation. Since 1970’s there are already programs given based on the theories of health promotions, usually implemented across large populations. It is also a mixture of health education and related managerial, political, and economic changes conductive to wellbeing. A health promotion program, then, is planned to improve the health and welfare of individuals and communities by giving the people with the information, expertise, services, and sustainability needed to take on and preserve optimistic lifestyle changes. Successful health promotion programs are health enhancement programs; they go further than providing information to effect behavioral alteration. It emphasize has been on physical health condition and health assurance, usual study of insurance price infer that the health promotion program could decrease morbidity from disease. Two types of learning programs for older drivers have been developed, the first one is precautionary driving approach to decrease fears and sharpen driving skills. The next program is for older citizens who had one or other accidents and uses a defensive-driving/traffic school approach to decrease threat of accident. Programs may be offered in a multiplicity of setting such as senior and district centers. The organization of support groups, conducting of meetings of people with meticulous emotional wants share and discuss the crisis the member faces. These groups can be organized by retirement homes, hospitals, senior centers, and community interest society. Reassurance of telephone programs, it is the duty of a fit and self sufficient person to voluntary calls a homebound or apprehensive elder person each day at the same time to check on his protection and well being. Transportation programs, there are vans or minibuses that provide transport for older adults or the handicapped to physicians, hospital, clinics. Volunteer programs, any sort of organization that operates more efficiently and has increased sense of community importance if an efficient volunteer is developed and equipped. Program developments include advances in public wellbeing, preventive and curative medicine, health education, and medical technology have caused enormous changes in the configuration of the populace of aging populations. Conclusion Everyone of us started from being a child until we reach old age, as we grow older we become unique to other people, each of us has a different genetic make up. During the life course, the range of those persons is created by how person invested time and energy. The life time approach to the learning of aging is one way of conceptualizing many of the factors that influence how individual modify as they grow older, and how different personality show unlike patterns of change in aging. Work Cited Cockayne K. (2003). Experiencing Old Age in Ancient Rome. Sociology, Routlidge Publishing. Decalmer P. and Glandenning F. (1997) The Mistreatment of Elderly People. Sociology. Sage Publication. Sage Newbury Park, CA. Davies, J.K., Gordon M., editor (1998). Quality, Evidence, and Health Effectiveness in Health Promotion. Routledge Publishing. Gilford, D. M. (1988).The Aging Population In The Twenty-First Century. Contributor National Academy of Sciences. National Academic Press. Haber, D. (2007). Health Promotion of Aging; Practical Applications for Health Professionals. Fourth edition. Springer Publishing Company Timmreck, T.C. (2003).Planning Program Development and Evaluation. Jones and Barlett Publishers. Timiras, P.S., (2002) Physiological Basis of Aging And Geriatrics. Mac Millan Publishing. New York. Webb, R.C., (1999). Psychology of The Consumer And It’s Development .Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers. New York. How to cite Eight Stages In the Development of Man, Essay examples

Examining the Divergence of Tone in the Travel free essay sample

Human experience within nature is a broad, ever-expanding subject of study, wherein one is limited to either divulging personal experience or interpreting the validity of the experiences of others in order to gain insight. As such, nature writing takes innumerable forms, with each approaching the task of describing experience within nature in a unique way and each emphasizing a different intent. As a result, there exists a tendency to denote nature writing to an all-encompassing category and furthermore, to neglect the subtleties that serve to differentiate one nature essay from another. These nuances prove to be highly important when deciphering a writer’s tone and exposing the writer’s oftentimes overlooked intent, especially when contrasting one piece of nature writing to another, seemingly of the same topic. A shining example of this understanding can be demonstrated in an analysis of sections taken from two essays by William Bartram and Charles Waterton, respectively, which are generally sub-categorized as â€Å"nature in travel writing of two early naturalists abroad†. This description, while serving its purpose of classification, lends to the incorrect assumption that both essays convey the same intent. Through an analysis of the writers’ respective use of descriptive language, apparent appreciation of nature, and their perception of the human species’ position within nature, it will be made evident that the two essays convey contrasting perceptions of the human experience in nature. The first point of contrast will be exemplified in their divergence in appreciation of nature, whereby purpose and acquisition underlie Waterton’s appreciation, while Bartram emphasizes an appreciation of nature by virtue of its existence. Secondly, the essays diverge in tone through their use of descriptive language, which contrasts Bartram’s deep respect for nature against Waterton’s respect rooted in ulterior purpose. Finally, and arguably most importantly, the tone of the essays are most evidently divergent in their respective perceptions of the human position in nature. By deciphering the subtle tones within Bartram’s â€Å"Travels Through North South Carolina†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and Waterton’s â€Å"Wanderings in South America†¦Ã¢â‚¬  one can establish this clear distinction between two nature essays that would be otherwise grouped together. While it cannot be denied that both Bartram and Waterton demonstrate a keen admiration and appreciation of nature in all of its elements, there remains a distinct contrast between the foundations for their respective admirations. Bartram demonstrates a deep appreciation of nature by virtue of its very existence, whereas Waterton’s appreciation seems to be rooted in purpose and acquisition. Further, Bartram reveres the simplicity of natural beauty, bred by the element of surprise, in such a way that it can be seen as the basis for his adoration. Whether in his description of a sudden procession of Ephemera, an immense and innumerable onslaught of alligators at dusk, or the powerful emergence of brilliantly coloured bands of fish from the mouth of â€Å"the Crystal Bason†, Bartram’s powerful imagery serves to demonstrate the ability of the natural world to continually inspire a sense of wonder and awe in the human species. In contrast, Waterton’s appreciation for the natural world lies in the acquisition of species deemed to be of interest by â€Å"the civilized world†. In this way, Waterton’s appreciation of nature can be seen as objects of interest contributing to a greater purpose, as opposed to a singular occurrence through which the beauty is seen in the occurrence itself, separate from civilized interpretation. This is not to say that Waterton is dismissive of the natural world that he encounters, to the contrary, Waterton creates incredibly powerful imagery through his writing, of which only one who is deeply affected by his surroundings could convey. What offers such juxtaposition to Bartram’s essay then, is that almost all of Waterton’s observations of nature serve, in one way or another, his own external purposes. Upon hearing the sound of the Campanero bird, for example, Waterton expresses that he â€Å"could not resist the opportunity of acquiring the Campanero† (Waterton, p. 107). Instead of beholding the occurrence with earnest fascination, his interest is vested in an ulterior purpose, which is to acquire the bird by means of killing it for sport. The difference then, is in the respective ends to which both Bartram and Waterton aspire, which are so utterly contrasted, that they change the tone of their seemingly coinciding essays altogether. Further emphasizing the difference in tone between the two essays is each writer’s use of language as a descriptive mechanism. Whether it is his true intention or not, Bartram’s use of earnest and exploratory language reinforces in the reader a deep, and quite often neglected, respect for nature. Most evidently, this use of language is demonstrated in his observations of the movements of bands of fish with relation to â€Å"the Crystal Bason† (Bartram, 74), of which he declares â€Å"I raise my eyes with terror and astonishment; I look down at the fountain with anxiety, when behold them as it were emerging from the blue ether of another world† (75). So powerful is his genuine emotional language, that the effect of his raw appreciation simply for the occurrence itself is plainly evident. On the other side of the coin, Waterton’s often commanding and presumptuous descriptive language establishes an anthropomorphic tone throughout his essay, suggesting the superiority of man over nature and perhaps even further, a lack of respect for the natural world. This idea is best demonstrated through his encounters, not only with animals but also with his human companions, in which an attitude of superiority is prevalent, both intellectually and physically. The intellectual aspect of his implied superiority is conveyed through Waterton’s interactions with his human companions, of whom he implies to be of a lower species in his referral to them as â€Å"the Indian† or â€Å"the negro†, just as he refers to â€Å"the jaguar† or â€Å"the Cayman†, for example. (Waterton, p. 111) Waterton further infers his superiority though the use of light-hearted language where it is not warranted by the often-perilous situation. This is best emphasized in his first encounter with a jaguar, wherein he commands his companion not to shoot in self-defence and instead reasons that it is not often â€Å"that the traveller is favoured with an undisturbed sight of the jaguar† (106). This light-hearted language in the face of danger additionally serves to contrast Bartram’s description of his own reactions to similar circumstances, which is best expressed in the associative language that the two authors use in describing their confrontations with alligators. While both respectively emphasize the power of the alligators, using descriptive words such as â€Å"monsters† (Bartram, 69) and â€Å"hideous and malicious reptiles† (Waterton, 113), Waterton uses associative words like â€Å"love at first sight† (114) to describe his encounter with the caiman and â€Å"disappointment† (109) or â€Å"doubtful† (108) when explaining his failure to lure it to him. Conversely, Bartram expresses a much more plausible reaction to potential encounters with the alligators, through the use of associative words like â€Å"dreadful† or â€Å"apprehensions† (Bartram, 67) and â€Å"truly frightful† (70) when describing his actual encounters with them. The strikingly different use of language between the two writers when describing similar, perilous situations exhibits the style of writing that each has adopted; Bartram’s being more conceivable to the reader and Waterton’s taking on a more far-fetched quality. The differing styles of writing that Bartram and Waterton adhere to, also serve to exemplify their own perceptions of their position in nature. As has been acknowledged previously in this analysis, Waterton’s writing style conveys an anthropomorphic tone and continually asserts his position in nature as being based around preconceived notions about the superior ability of man over other species. Contrary to this, Bartram writing style indicates that he asserts his position in nature as it occurs, acknowledging genuine reactions and emotions and acting on them as they come to him. This idea can be exemplified not only by the description of events that occur, but also by the associated mechanisms that both writers chose to express afterthought about the associated event. In the case of Bartram’s essay, one such occurrence is in his descriptive observations of the procession of Ephemera (Mayfly) at the time of their mating. Bartram makes clear the wonder and sense of awe that these species evoke in him, upon witnessing them â€Å"particularly when they appear in the fly state† (66). It is in his additional commentary on the event, following his description of the experience itself, that Bartram infers his perception of mans position with respect to nature. Adopting a somewhat existential tone, Bartram praises the complexity of the Ephemera’s short existence, further emphasizing his admiration for the embracing of their brief period of happiness, of which he declares, â€Å"what a lesson doth it not afford us of the vanity of our own pursuits! † (66) The same indication of perceived human position in nature can also be found in Waterton’s essay, most apparently in his description of  his conquering of the caiman alligator. In describing his experience, Waterton never alludes to the caiman evoking any fear within him or taking him by surprise, but rather emphasizes the fear that he instils upon the alligator, â€Å"[b]y the time the Cayman was within two yards of me, I saw he was in a state of fear and perturbation† (Waterton, 115). B y emphasizing a complete lack of apprehension in the face of what he denotes to be a ‘‘monstrum, horrendum, informe,’ [Horrible monster, void of form’]† (114), he solidifies the inference of his own and further, man’s superiority over all other species. Waterton makes use of supplementary inserts, as means of an external aside, to further enforce his perceived position in nature. Amidst the description of his experience with the caiman, for example, Waterton references ancient Greek mythological figures to compare his experience to, describing his confrontation as potentially â€Å"more perilous than Arion’s marine morning ride† (115). In doing so, Waterton again implies man’s dominance over other species, not based on his actual experience but by referencing examples outside of his own experience. While the all-encompassing denotation of nature writing is often implied, this method neglects the importance of distinguishing the intents of the writer when describing their experiences in nature. The tone in nature writing, however, is often overlooked in favour of classifying the essay based on the topic that is being described. More often than not, taking the time to decipher the overall tone of an essay reveals that two or more seemingly similar topics can be approached from a vast field of differing intent. By analyzing the subtleties in William Bartram’s essay, â€Å"Travels Through North and South Carolina† against Charles Waterton’s essay â€Å"Wanderings in South America†¦Ã¢â‚¬  it becomes evident that the two essays, while both describing nature in travel abroad, are strikingly divergent in their respective tones. Differentiating between the tone of two or more works of nature writing serves to emphasize the error inherent in classification based merely on broad topics. This commonly overlooked error reinforces misconception about the intention of the writer’s experience in nature.

Santiago Old Man Sea free essay sample

A tragic hero is one that has a major flaw and for whom the audience usually feels pity, sympathy, empathy, and compassion. The tragic hero is someone great, but not perfect. They are often a noble person in terms of birth but also in terms of their character. The flaw in the character is what often leads to his/her downfall. When the hero falls, it is at least partly if not completely his own fault. On the other hand, its not because he is a bad person but because of the character flaw he has or because of plain bad luck. What happens to the hero is too harsh. The character flaw that might have caused the downfall doesnt deserve the punishment that he gets. If the hero lives then through the experience he realizes what caused his downfall and what he could have done to prevent it, so he grows and learns through the misfortune. We will write a custom essay sample on Santiago Old Man Sea or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The classic example is Macbeth. While there were other factors contributing to his downfall, one of the main ones was his ambition to be king. That was his tragic flaw and caused him to be open to his mothers manipulation. After that, everything kind of went downhill, to understate the situation a bit There are many examples of how Santiago was tragic hero in the old man in the sea. Santiago in the old man and the sea was known as a loser he did not have any friends but he did mentor a young boy named manolin and had the worst of luck. Santiago was outlawed by manolins parent because he had the worst of luck because of this the boy could not go fishing with him because his parents thought he was too unlucky. Santiago hadn’t caught a fish in 87 days and everyone said he would never catch a fish again but Santiago didn’t believe them. Santiago decided to go out to the deep deep waters and try to fish because he wanted to get a monster marlin on the line to prove himself. When Santiago was out in the deep ocean he had hooked a marlin and was fighting the marlin for 3 days. Santiago had the struggle of when he had the marlin up beside the boat of having the marlin was too big to fit into the boat so Santiago had to pull the marlin beside the boat until he got to shore. Unfortunately when Santiago was close to shore a group of sharks ate the marlin with all that was left of the marlin was its head. Santiago was a very unlucky being in the old man and the sea. In the beginning of the novel, he had not caught a fish for 84 days. He was thought to be the most unlucky type of luck. This is a prime example of how Santiago was a tragic hero is the book the old man and the sea.

Hill House essays

Hill House essays Ever do something stupid to impress someone? Throughout a persons life they will do something very ignorant or say something very stupid hundreds of times. Most of the time it is because they are trying to impress somebody or change their ways to make someone or others accept them. The story Haunting of Hill House has great examples of people changing just to fit in. The author Shirley Jackson, who died in 1965, was one of the most brilliant writers of her time. She was widely acclaimed for her hair-raising stories and novels of the supernatural. Although the Haunting of Hill House fits this description perfectly with its eerie description of supernatural tales of the happenings of Hill House; there is a more to it than hauntings. The story starts out with three guests being invited to the house to monitor any out of the ordinary occurrences in Hill House. Throughout the story the guests experience some ghostly moments. However during this one of the guest named Eleanor cha nges her ways to fit in with the guests. Her actions show that societys views on a person can lead that person to things they would never have thought of. One example would be when Eleanor told lies about herself and her past. Another example would be when Eleanor went around the house alone having no fear. Finally Eleanor became open and spoke out what was on her mind. An example of societys views on a person leading them to things they never thought of was when Eleanor became a liar and lied about her past. Today a lot of people are pressured so much by society to be a certain way they will lie about themselves to fit in with those certain people. In the story Eleanor feels that she does not fit in with the group of people who are staying at Hill House. She is a person with a lack of confidence so she feels she has to lie to feel accepted. Theodora came through the bathroom door into Eleanor...

Tequila, Vodka, Rum and Cordials Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Tequila, Vodka, Rum and Cordials - Assignment Example The paper tells that Spirits and Wine remain much more important on the dollar share basis. For the past five years, the consumption of spirits and wine has been growing significantly while the rate of beer consumption has been on the decrease. Through the same trend, spirit brands of Tequila, Vodka, Rum, and Cordials have grown significantly in their popularity and sales. Each of these spirit brands has its unique history, Tequila, Vodka, Rum, and Cordials are subject to produce through similar methods. Variations may only occur in the raw materials and the skills employed in creating these portables, but the basic stages involved in their production of all these spirits brands follow the same methods of production. Tequila, Vodka, Rum and Cordial's spirit brands have their distinctive character, distinctive aroma, and distinctive flavors. Vodka has a distinctive aroma, taste, and character that make it unique and original in the market. Rum, is popular in South America is produced through distillation from fermented molasses or sugarcane with its light flavor making it a unique drink in the market. Tequila gets its popularity from the flavors it has and being a drink of Mexican origin adds to its popularity. Cordials enjoy its popularity from its sweet taste with flavors of various botanicals. Since each of these spirits has their unique flavors and history, it gets the attention of the consumers and thus contributing to their growth in the market.

Animal Behaviour Questionnaire Assignment #3 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Animal Behaviour Questionnaire #3 - Assignment Example The behavior of the male lions on the other hand is slightly different because, lions have the tendency of assessing each other’s manes and liked to generally engage in fights without any actual physical contact. However, the darkness of the mane exuded that it was thicker than lighter mane and therefore lend better protection in a fight (West et al,2006, p609) Therefore, the lighter maned ones rarely approached the dark maned models. Dark colored manes means the lion must be aggressive and strong therefore the weaker light colored lions steer clear of the darker maned ones to avoid chanced of confrontations. 3. The findings that indicate that the gender of a species responsible for parental care lives longer is not completely true since it cannot be accurately concluded from the length of an individual’s lifespan that prolonged lifespan was a result of parental behavior among the species. It is also inaccurate the among species which takes a long time to grow and mature, longer lifespan of the parental sex has gained selection advantage is also since a long life is beneficial for the species as a whole and not in terms of individual life spans. There may be alternate explanations for the prolonged lifespan of the parental gender than that of the non-parental gender. We may perhaps propose that among animals where the female is the care provider, the resources are first taken by the female sin order to feed the young ones of the group. The resources therefore decrease and become limited for the male members of the grout which enhances intraspecific competition for resources among the male members leading to life-shortening risks to acquire the resources for survival. On the other hand among species where the male members are responsible for giving care, the female members compete over the limited resources and

Case study of bipolar disorder sufferer

Case study of bipolar disorder sufferer People with bipolar disorder have extreme mood swings (symptoms). They can go from feeling as if they are on top of the world, hyperactive, creative, and grandiose- mania to feeling very sad, despairing, helpless, worthless, and hopeless -depression. This disease is called bipolar disorder because the mood of a person with bipolar disorder can alternate between two completely opposite poles, euphoric happiness and extreme sadness. The extremes of mood usually occur in cycles, in between these mood swings, people with bipolar disorder are able to function normally, hold a job, and have a normal family life. The episodes of mood swings tend to become closer together with age. When a person is in the grip of this disease, chaos can occur. Bipolar disorder can cause major disruption of family and finances, loss of job, and marital problems. In Jims case he becomes completely dependant of his parents. Because of the extreme and risky behaviour that goes with bipolar disorder, it is very important that the disorder be identified. With proper and early diagnosis, this mental condition can be treated. Bipolar disorder is a long-term illness that will require proper management for the duration of a persons life. Jim is in his mid fifths and he still live with his parents, whose are in their late seventies. He is the only child and his parents overprotect him over the years owing to that he became completely de-skilled, dis-empowered and total dependant. He is not able to negotiate and he was not included in family discussions to show his opinion. The only way that he has to show that he is not happy is by screaming and crying. Jim definitely also suffers from Eternal child syndrome, also know as Peter Pan syndrome, and is to blame his parents who been treated him like a child all his life. Psychologists warn that overprotective parents can be responsible for this disorder as this prevents them from developing necessary skills to confront life. Jim chronologically grows older but in truth he has not grown up. Like Peter Pan he breaks societal norms to serve their own purposes and do not care much for the feelings and rights of his parents. He wants all the power but is not willing to share the responsibilities, not ready to sacrifice and reject moral structures which are part of mature adulthood. As the World Health Organization has not yet recognized Peter Pan Syndrome as a psychological disorder, the syndrome is not currently considered a psychopathology. Psychologists make a clear distinction between Peter Pan Syndrome and other, more serious, mental conditions involving adults who behave as children both emotionally and mentally. This is because it is often found that people suffering from Peter Pan Syndrome are mentally fully developed adults who often carry professional activities requiring strong intellectual skills. This syndrome is often associated with narcissism, although not in a negative way, self-centered sense. They are attracted to introspection in an attempt to find that imaginative comfort inside their own minds. On a positive sense this characteristic is seen as being in touch with the unbridled imaginational freedom of childhood. While succumbing to the prescribed order of things, most people forget all that they knew as an idealistic child, the eternal child is able to draw from their own raw, creative energy to remind us of how colorful life really is. Men suffering from the Peter Pan Syndrome display the following traits in their relationship with parents: Are obsessed with their mothers Have estranged relationship with the father They believe that it is not possible to obtain the fathers love and approval They have difficulty interacting with figures of authority Are not mature emotionally Exhibit silly behavior Hide their inner insecurity with macho attitude Males diagnosed with having this syndrome were found to exhibit the following psychological traits: Either exaggerated or paralyzed emotions Anger taking extreme form of rage Joy turning into hysteria Disappointment grows and develops into depression or self-pity As a result males diagnosed with this syndrome find it difficult to express love, refuse to share feelings, feel guilty and have difficulty relaxing. Men with Peter Pan Syndrome find it difficult to make genuine friends and as a result feel desperately alone. They dont feel sorry for inappropriate actions but blame others for their shortcoming. Males diagnosed with having this syndrome were found to exhibit the following psychological traits: Either exaggerated or paralyzed emotions Anger taking extreme form of rage Joy turning into hysteria Disappointment grows and develops into depression or self-pity As a result males diagnosed with this syndrome find it difficult to express love, refuse to share feelings, feel guilty and have difficulty relaxing and find difficult to make genuine friends and as a result feel desperately alone. This has a huge impact in Jims parents who are finding difficult to cope with all this matters, especially in during the winter. They are gradually worried about their ability to cope and what will happen with Jim when they die. They might feel a host of emotions: distress, vulnerability, anger, guilt and, surely they probably are exhausted. As an informal carer for several years, Jims parents revolved all their life on him, they devoted all their live to him. Like Jim who does not has friends (apart form his parents friends), some people that experienced the same condition as him generally have a very limited social network as well, and normally the people that they interact are mainly informal careers. 4 First of all Jims parents have take him to GP and if he is diagnosed with bipolar disorder, the GP will refer him to a psychiatrist (a medically qualified mental health specialist), psychotherapist and /or CPN. At his appointment he will be given an assessment. The psychiatrist will ask him a number of questions to determine whether or not he has bipolar disorder and, if he has, what treatments will be most suitable for you. He will be asked about his symptoms and when he first experienced them. The psychiatrist will also ask him, about how he, usually feel leading up to, and during, an episode of mania, or depression, and whether he has had thoughts about harming yourself or others. The psychiatrist will also want to find out about his medical background and his family history in order to determine whether any of your relatives has had bipolar disorder. If someone else in his family had the condition, the psychiatrist may wish to talk to them. After the assessment the psychiatrist will prescribe the right drugs and refer him to a psychotherapist. Psychotherapists work with individuals, couples, families and groups to help them overcome a range of psychological and emotional issues. With the client as an active participant, psychotherapists use personal treatment plans and a variety of non-medical-based treatments to: address the clients thought processes, feelings and behaviour; understand inner conflicts; find new ways to deal with, and alleviate, distress They take a variety of approaches according to the theoretical models they adopt and the therapy they practice. These talking therapies include: cognitive behavioural therapies; psychoanalytic and psychodynamic therapies; humanistic and integrative psychotherapies; systemic therapies; hypno-psychotherapy; experiential constructivist therapies. Community Psychiatric nurses (CPNs) would be helpful to Jim as they can visit him in his new house and provide him support through the difficult periods of his illness, they also will see him when is well to check that everything is okay and be the first point of contact if he becomes unwell again. The CPN will help Jim with his medication and make sure that he understands what he should be taking and when. They also help patients family (in this case Jims parents) and careers understand and cope with the illness. Jim and his parents would benefit of Occupational therapists (OTs) as well. An occupational therapist can have many different roles. They will help Jim and his parents (when he moves out of his parents house) to adapt to the new environment and to cope with their daily life .OTs may work in hospitals or in the community. They supervise and assess a persons ability to look after themselves, e.g. self-care, cooking and housework, I would like point out that Jim does not know how to cook, clean or do his laundry. . OTs work with both individuals and groups. They can set goals for individuals with depression to encourage them to achieve more than they have been able to do while ill. They might get patients involved in specific job-related training schemes to improve their decision making and planning about the future. Group work is often aimed at increasing peoples social interactions. OTs may use many different types of therapy on an individual or group basis, including cognitive behavi oural therapy and art and music therapy. They may also be involved in providing relaxation training to patients referred to them by the mental health team or GPs. Social workers are employed by social services rather than the health service. However, most mental health social workers are based in multidisciplinary community mental health teams. Social workers may see patients referred to the team by GPs. They are likely to be involved if patients have social problems, such as housing, money and work. They may provide counselling and advice or more specific therapies. They may control access to some services such as day centres, respite care, residential care and other community support services, eg home helps. A social worker will also provide Jim a supported tenancy service which will help and teach him how to gain his independence and improve his quality of life.

Attentional Interference in Relation to the Stroop Effect :: essays research papers

Interference and facilitation are two important aspects of automatic processes. Interference refers to the range to which one process encumbers performance of another, whereas facilitation indicates the extent to which one process assists performance of another. Through practice and maturation, reading progresses from a controlled process to one that is automatic, lessening the demands on attentional resources. Stroop reported one of the first studies, which provided support for this, in 1935. He combined the word object/property dimensions in the same stimulus to create one of the most researched phenomena in cognitive psychology: The Stroop effect (MacLeod, 1991). He found that it was faster to read words than it was to name the corresponding object or their properties, including their color. Due to its key in understanding attention, the study that lead to many other related investigations, originated by examining interference in reading automaticity. Stroop furthered his research by creating tasks involving color naming and reading. He first compared the time it took to read color names printed in incongruent ink colors to a base line reading of color words. For the second part of his study, Stroop compared the time it took to name the ink color when congruent with the color word (e.g., blue printed in blue ink) to the time it took to name the ink color. By comparing the response times in the interference conditions to the control conditions he found that it took people longer to respond to the color of the ink when printed in a color incongruent to the color word (Stroop, 1995). The words interfere with naming the color; yet, the color does not interfere with reading the word. The nature of the Stroop effect results as a consequence of automaticity. People have difficulty ignoring the meaning of a word because, through practice, reading has become an automatic process. The two main explanations accounting for the Stroop effect in the past have been cognitive attentional processes involved in learning, controlled and automatic. As previously mentioned, when a process is automatic (for example reading), it is not only faster; it also does not rely on other cognitive resources. Controlled processes, for example color naming, are slow and demand more attentional resources. The theory is that an automatic process cannot successfully suppressed without causing interference of a controlled process. The second explanation, relative speed of processing, argues that the two processes involved in color naming and word reading are accomplished in parallel, but that word reading is carried out faster, assuming that the faster process will then interfere with the slower ones such as color naming (Dunbar and McLeod, 1984 as cited in Mel, 1997)

Reaction to Dante’s Inferno Essay

Reading Dante’s Inferno has been a challenge for me, especially at first when I didn’t understand some of the main themes Dante was trying to get across. My values are so different than those of Dante when it comes to the afterlife, it can be hard to read something that is so contradictory of my own beliefs. Once I understood that Dante was not being literal about the things he wrote in the Inferno it became a lot clearer to me that his main theme was that of controlling our own fate based on the choice we make to do the right thing or wrong thing. After I knew this, I realized that we really weren’t that different after all, because that idea appeals to me greatly. I first had to struggle to get past some of the obvious differences I feel about the afterlife, like the fact that I don’t believe in hell, in order for me to really appreciate the Inferno. Probably the main thing that happened to me that shaped my views about Christianity in general was when my cousin tried to scare me into becoming a Christian when I was about 8 years old. He convinced me that unless I started being an obedient Christian who prayed and went to church and read the bible regulary, I was going to be sentenced to a existence of burning in hell for eternity by God. That’s a lot to try deal with as a kid, especially if the person telling you this is someone that you look up to and have love and respect for. The older I got the more I resented not only my cousin for this, but that spread to all Christians in general. His approach was to make me believe in God as a sort of insurance policy so that I wouldn’t go to hell. After this experience I decided for myself that hell was quite possibly something that was made up by people to scare other people into believing what they wanted them to believe. I could not imagine that God would really want people to practice a religion out of fear, the idea just seemed a little out there for me. All my cousin accomplished in the end with me was to make me suspicious of any person who is Christian and anything that has to do with hell, and I don’t think that was his intention at all. I have since learned that not all Christians are like my cousin in their views and I’m generally quite accepting of anyone and their faith, as long  as they don’t try to pressure me into believing what they do. But to this day I still feel a little uneasy about anything that has to do with being punished by hell, so you can perhaps understand why it may have been a little hard for me to look past that in the Inferno. At first glance, the Inferno can just look like its just about people being punished cruely for the sins they have commited. But after a deeper look, it can be said that there is much more to it than just that. What really helped me be able to understand the Inferno a lot better was to understand that what Dante wrote about was not meant to be a literal interpretation of how he felt the afterlife was. He understood that it would be quite presumptuous of him to think that he could really know that. Whats important is to realize that Dante uses hell in this poem as a vehicle for expressing his views about the choices people make to either do good or do bad, and being liable for those choices. I definitely feel it is healthy to read things that vary from one’s own personal beliefs because it may bring up issues and ideas you hadn’t thought of before, possibly expanding your understanding of what you know thought you knew. It can help you learn and grow and not be stuck with certain views. Even if your values are not some how changed, I think it is still important to beable to go into something with an open mind and respect the difference of opinion. I do feel that after reading Dante’s Inferno that I have been given a new way to look at the decisions we make for ourselves in this life. Whether I believe in hell or not, I can completely appreciate this new perspective, and it makes me grateful that I was given the opportunity to read Dante’s Inferno.

Microfinance An Emerging Important Financial Factor

Microfinance is an emerging important financial factor which supply the basic financial services to poor and low-income households and micro-enterprises. Microfinance comprises several tools such as savings, credit, leasing, insurance and cash transfers. It s role is to improve financial access of the poor and small economic players and thus help them to build assets, which means a contribution to poverty alleviation. These services are provided by a variety of institution, which can be divided into credit and saving cooperatives and association, banks, NGOs and non-financial and informal sources. . Providing financial services helps rural households to plan and manage consumption and investments, able deal with risks and improve their living conditions, health and education by smoothing household cash flow and increasing disposable family income.This paper presents an assessment of informal borrowing and lending in rural finance with a focus in its advantages and disadvantages as we ll as how it would relate to microfinance. The origin of microfinance started with the founder, Professor Muhammad Yunus who set up the special branch of Bangladesh Central Bank in Jobra Village in 1974. Later in 1983, that bank was renamed as the Grameen Banks and were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006 for their efforts to create economic and social development which provided the attention on microfinance and its power to fight poverty. 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