Introducing medical anthropology, 2ND Edition(Merrill Singer & Hans Essay

Introducing medical anthropology, 2ND Edition(Merrill Singer & Hans Baer) Chapters 3 Only - Essay Example The field has evolved from simple and cultural treatment practices to the development of modern clinics and hospital to the campaigns on disease prevention (Singer and Hans, 127). In our daily lives, people confuse the meaning of disease and illness. Indeed a lot of ink and papers have been used to jot down the meaning of the two with the aim of distinguishing the two. A disease can be defined as a natural entity that can be identified through various bodily signs such as high temperatures and emotional discomfort among others amongst others. An illness, on the other hand, constitutes a cultural construction that can be identified only through interpretive activities and narratives of the signs (Singer and Hans, 93). The distinction between a disease and an illness is through the identification of the signs and symptoms. Diseases and illnesses affect the health of a person or a society in case of an outbreak of a disease. A society can be called healthy or sick not only because of a disease, but also because of their social behaviors. Thus, health is the complete physical, mental and social wellbeing in absence of a disease or infirmity that promotes life in highest satisfaction Anthropologist studies medicine holistically in terms of modern and cultural medicine used in all social environments. They study the theories of illness and their typologies in order to offer typologies of healing systems (Singer and Hans, 186). The environment and cultural belief affect the treatment of certain diseases. It is important to encourage patients with unique illness to narrate their experience to healers and medical practitioners to offer understanding of the diseases. Anthropology also acknowledges the importance of cultural treatment because diseases existed before the invention of medicine. The study of chronic diseases which might cause disability to a person in society also helps to understand why people stigmatize others in society. Anthropology also encourages

E-Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

E-Business - Essay Example Once Grandma’s Treats has a proper website in place, the next priority is to maximize traffic to the website. There are numerous ways of promoting a website such as; banner advertising, cross media advertising, search engine registration etc. It recommended that Granma’s Treats initially implements the following modes of promoting website. Banner advertising is undoubtedly is the most popular form of advertising on the web. Banner advertising involves putting banners which serve as hyperlinks to your website, on various popular sites. There are both paid and unpaid forms of banner advertising available these days. The unpaid form of banner advertising is referred to as banner exchange – which involves putting banners of other website on your website in return for having your banner placed on other websites (Wilson. 1999). It is recommended that Grandma’s Treats doesn’t indulge in the banner exchange program as having banners on the e-commerce will distract the visitors. So, the best alternative is to go for paid banner advertising, it is important to make a wise decision when choosing a site for placing banner advertisement. The site must be related to gourmet food industry o else the site must be popular locally in he region in which Grandma’s Treats does business. The design of the banner ad is crucial. It should stand out and make people click instinctively (Ryder). Placing banner on the right side of the page is also a good idea as it will be easily noticed, since normally people read from left to right (Ryder. 2007). In order to maximize traffic it is essential to have banner ads on numerous websites. A disadvantage of banner advertising is that it is difficult to track how much they contribute to total sales (Wilson. 1999). However, banner advertising does guarantee increased traffic and it is one of the oldest forms of advertising on the web and it

Natural sites Essay Example for Free

Natural sites Essay The choice of a venue or a site plays a very important role as long as tourism is concerned . The location and the type of sceneries found in a particular place will determine the number of tourists who will be interested in venturing into such a place. This determines the revenue that will be generated as far as that venue is concerned. A site can either be described as natural or manmade. Natural sites or venues are those that owe their existence to the nature man has played very little role for their existence. Manmade venues on the other hand exist because man has played a role through constructing them. Modern tourists look for a package that will satisfy their curiosity while at the same time offer their mind and soul a refreshing opportunity. They also look for a package that will fit their budget without compromising much on the quality. A unique venue is not only attractive to the masses but also offers an opportunity to explore what lies on the other se of the world. Availability of such a site makes an area popular and gives it a place in the world map where people will always associate it with positive things. There are different types of venues at disposal for a tourist to enjoy. Venues available in a given area largely depend on a number of factors. (Adam, H 1997) These factors include: the climate, history of the area, the heritage, geographical conditions among other factors. The most common sites all over the world include the beaches, montains, rivers and animal watching sites such as national parks and orphanages. Uniqueness of a site is determined by the type of sceneries or the availability of rare animals that are either extinct or can only be found in that particular area. There are sites which are described as unique due to the history associated with the particular place The great walls of china are unique in nature as they offer a tourist a chance to get in touch with China history while at the same time connecting with the people of China through understanding what they have gone through. Beaches is the tropics are sites that are very popular with tourists especially from countries that experience winter they attract many men and women who would like to escape harsh weather conditions and enjoy the sun. (Adam, H 1997) These areas are described as unique venues since they have a characteristic that can only be found in these areas. One gets to know and experiences the type of weather that is different from what he or she is used to. This gives a tourist a chance to relax and enjoy fresh air while at the same time getting the necessary warmth that helps in the body metabolism. The pyramids in Egypt are unique as they are in a class of their own offering a type of scenery that can not be compared with any other site in the world. The pyramids being the only wonder of the seven unique wonders of the world that is still in existence is unique as it represents part of history that shaped the world as it is believed this part of the world is the cradle of civilization in the world. Another unique package that is gaining prominence in many parts of the world is the offering a quality type of entertainment for the tourist. This can be in form of dances, song and other forms of entertainment. Tourism frequents these areas due to the type of entertainment that is offered. This type of tourism is referred to as creative tourism which exists as cultural tourism. This is an active type of tourism where tourists actively participate in the cultural activities of the host country. (Sydney, R 2003) This comes in form of performances, interactive workshops and other experiences which are educative in nature. It is attractive and unique in nature such that it attracts people who are willing to spend their money on them. It also offers people a chance to learn new thing and also appreciate other people’s culture. So this type of tourism can be said to promote world peace and integration since people learn to be tolerant to one another and at the same time appreciating the uniqueness of different cultures. This is very common in areas where culture has been retained and there is very little influence from the outside world. Africa at large offers this type of package where tourists from the west and other parts of the world visit different cultures to familiarize themselves with what transpires in them The most visited tourist attractions are largely the most unique venues in the world. They are popular with the masses and a lot of revenue is collected. Many visitors frequent these areas due the type of sceneries at disposal and also due to how the product is presented to the general public. This means that advertising is very crucial as far as promotion of a unique site is concerned. This is done to educate the masses of existence of such a site, what to expect in the attraction and how the site can be accessed among many other tips that potential tourists are given. Conference tourism is becoming very popular today with millions being collected all over the world through targeting the working class and business executives. This type of tourism largely targets the corporate world. Hotels and conference facilities are the biggest beneficiaries. Corporations organize workshops and conferences for their employees and customers and during the entire time that this will be happening they need food and accommodation. This calls for conferences facilities and lodges that will offer services to these people. Hotels and lodges that offer a unique opportunity to its client to enjoy its facilities will be a popular joint and its profit will be higher. (Sydney, R 2003) The uniqueness of this type of tourism is that it mixes business with pleasure as those attending the conferences tend to get a taste of what the host town or country has to offer. Hotels are main pillars of the tourism as without them tourist would not be spending away from there locations. There are people who visit a particular place just to sample the type of food enjoyed in a particular place. Therefore with good hotels that offer quality services tourist will always frequent such an area due to the good reputation the hotel has acquired. Other unique venues include the animal parks; they offer a very rare opportunity to watch animals of different types in their natural environment. This type of scenario is common in the African countries especially the sub-Saharan countries where animals still exist in their natural environment. The parks in South Africa are unique venues where different types of animals’ co exist in environments that have not been tampered with by man. Watching animals in their homes is a rare opportunity that is worth venturing as it is not only educative but also refreshing as well. (Wabers, K 1994) Of late the number of tourist frequenting these sites has increased dramatically. This can only be attributed with people’s quest to learn more about nature and primarily familiarize themselves with different type of animals that exist in the world. Unique parks in this part of the world grant tourist a rare opportunity to interact with the nature while at the same time getting relaxed from the hassle and bustle of the busy world (Veraget, M 2002) Mountains in different parts of the world have been popular destination for many tourists. There are people who are obsessed with mountaineering such that they have aimed at climbing all the tall mountains in the world. Mountains are beautiful and apart from playing a role in shaping the earth they have contributed immensely towards income generation in many parts of the world as tourists attractions sites. From Himalayans in Asia to Andes and Appalachians in America mountains give such breathtaking scenery that leaves one wanting for more. The snow capped mountains of Africa and Asia illuminate the land giving it such beautiful scenery that attracts people from as far as Australia who come to watch what nature has to offer. (Veraget, M 2002) Water also offers a beautiful venue where people enjoy themselves through swimming, fishing and different types of water sports. From oceans to the seas lakes and the rivers almost all the parts of the earth are bestowed with these water storage bodies that not only quench our thirst but also satisfy us with the type of scenarios they offer and the opportunities they give us to flex our muscles. Water bodies not only provide an abode for the sea animals but also give man an opportunity to enjoy himself and at the same time make money. (Sandra, L 1999) Other unique venues include the museums and historical site which house the heritage of our countries and our community. They also attract people of all walks of lifes, those who are interested in learning about their heritage and the past. (Sydney, R 2003) All these unique venues have a great effect on our lives, the in a way shape our economy as they contribute a good chunk of money as a lot of revenue is generated from tourist related activities. We need to preserve these sites so that we can continue reaping benefits from them and also our future generation can have a taste of what nature has to offer. If we take care of them they will definitely make us proud as many people from different parts of the world will be flocking our land so that they can have to enjoy the creation in its best way. Unique venues will continue to the hope for the tourism as man will always aim at discovering what lies beyond the borders and the special opportunities that can make him advance. We stand to continue making progress as far as tourism is concerned if we utilize the unique sites to our advantage and at the same time keep up with times and try to discover other venues that will continue satisfying the tourists.Its only through innovations that dollars from the tourism will continue flowing Reference: Adam, H. 1997. The Unique Tourist Site in the World. Atlanta, Collins. Sydney, R. 2003. Tourism in the World London. Oxford University Press. Veraget, M. 2002. The Unique Sites in Africa Nairobi. Macmillan Publishers. Sandra, L. and Veraget, M. 2002. Tour and Travel: World Perspective. Sydney, Odessey Wabers, K. 1994. The Historical Sites. Paris, Magnated. .

The Main Ideas Behind Human Security Politics Essay

The Main Ideas Behind Human Security Politics Essay The main idea behind human security is to provide peace and security for the citizens both with nation-state and to ensure their protection against threats from the outside. A key source of military battle that gives focus for the Western worlds insight of the risk to human security was detached when the Cold War came to an finish. In fact, as early as the 1970s, the United States extended its explanation of national security to take in global economics, when it became obvious that the US economy was no longer the independent force it had formerly been, but affected by financial policies in a dozen other countries.2 But a fully-fledged dispute about the importance and re-conceptualization of security/protection did not start until the early 1980s.3 Human security is a contained scope. It doesnt cover all important, necessary, and profound features of human living. Rather is classifies and protects a inadequate vital core of human abilities and activities. This many have recently been described by fundamental human rights, or absolute needs, and basic capabilities. This core is a non-technical term which is a concern which lies behind human security. This may be defined or explained in the space of capabilities, the freedom people have to be and to do. Key components of this vital core are essentially human rights, which all persons and organizations are obliges to provide and receive respect, even if these responsibilities are not perfectly specifiable. The freedom and the rights in the vital core relate to survival, to livelihood, and to basic dignity. People which enjoy the rudimentary security as to their livelihood, survival, and self-respect even during awful conditions such as poverty, disaster, and war. The working definition doesnt state the freedoms and rights that relate to the vital core outside recognizing these three categories. The task of arranging among capabilities and rights, each of which is debatable by some to be essential, is a value decision and difficult one, which may be assumed by suitable organizations. Yet this decision is a circuital one if human security is to be effective and realistic. Due to this there is a foreseeable stress between (i) the need for participating engagement and analysis of this core by many, specially by those whose safety is endangered, (ii) the need for NGOs, international agencies, and public associations , among others, clearly to define a vital core and to introduce processes and organizations which prepare to protect it effectively. The imperfect but operational response to this stress is to continue a self-consciously unclear, wide working understanding of human security, and to articulate processes for operationalizing, this defini tion in existing circumstances by controlled organizations, for different populations. The key concept of human security is a people-centered concept. It emphases the attention from different institutions on human security and their societies worldwide. This focus on human beings separates human security from the objective of defending states areas that controlled security policies in the 19th and 20th centuries. Human security changes that focus to individuals despite of race, religion, gender, ethnicity, or any other characteristics. The human security approach matches the movement in economic improvement and international policies to move and the emphasis from instrumental focus (such as state rights, and growth) to human development and human rights. In doing this the humans become the end of improvement, not only as a mean to increase efficiency or legal logic, and these different activities become people-centered. The aim of human security is directly on human lives. But in order to protect individuals lives efficiently, actors must identify and deliberately prepare for distinct threats. Threats which are made to humans are critical that is, they threaten to cut into daily or core activities and functions of human lives. Such threats may be sudden- as in economic collapse, but they need not be, for what is defined as threat as critical is its tragic depth rather than the suddenness. Additionally the dangers are pervasive, meaning the treat is at a larger scale example of this might be to do with large amount of populated countries, another is a treat which may come again and again, such threats could be environmental and nuclear, or even at such a magnitude that they may never recur. Human security threats have different mechanism of operations. Threats such as genocide or soil degradation may have a direct impact on the humans live. Other threats are indirect, threats such as overinvestment in military or in debt due to underinvestment in certain areas, which leads to the collapse of public health care sectors, or when a country have very low education standards. Human security relates to both of these kinds of threats. Another Different types of attempts have been made to give an adequate conceptualization of human security. There are two major contemporary theories of international relations. One of these approaches is based on noe-realist theoretical context, which aim is to maintain an ongoing emphasis on the primacy of the state within broadened conceptualization of human security. This type of approach is also known as the new security thinking.4.This approach is built on a set of assumptions that fundamental effort to dislodge the state as the main referent of security, while placing larger importance on the inter-dependency and trans-nationalization of non-state performers. Buzan claimed that the straitjacket militaristic method to safety that controlled the discourse during the Cold War was simple-minded and lead to the underdevelopment of the idea.6The critical or postmodernist method to human security, replicated in the work of Ken Booth, he claims that human security is eventually more significa nt than states security.9 The postmodernist conceptualization of security does not compare state security with human security. Booths view, states and suggest that governments must no longer be the sole referents of the security, because governments are supposed to be the protectors of the peoples security, have become the sole source of uncertainty for the numerous people who live below their power, rather than the equipped forces of a different country.10. This method tests the idea of a state as an current and tolerable source of security to its people. Both methodstry to address the non-military dangers to human security. The major modification lays in the way these analyses point to action. The enlargement of safety to conceive of more than just armed threats increases the argumentative question: What is it that needs to be madesafe?1 1asanoutcome, the continuing (security) discussion centers on the identification of a principal referent or unit of security has been central to a continuing (security) argument. Arguments for the state to remain the main referent of safety must not mean upholding the state as the sole or unitary referent of security. But somewhat it means that the safety of the state, in specific a state that is weak, should continue to remain primary, since the main aim is to build the volume of the state to deliver and keep security for its citizens.1 2 In other words, while the conceptualization of security must make the safety of individuals and human beings its end, the state, as the means, cannot be detached as the key referent. After all if the state is to deliver and uphold sec urity, it has to be protected itself or to use Buzans words, it has to be or become a strong state.1 3. This reason, of course, needs explaining. What establishes a state? Using the conventional explanation, a nation is consisting of a territory/land, government, and people. In additional disagreements the whole (that is the state), comprising all its essential parts, has a mutual relationship with the individual parts. The state cannot be protected if its essential parts are self-doubting or unbalanced. At the same time, if the nation as the organization demonstrating its essential parts is weak or doubtful in relative to other states, its elements will also be affected by such weakness or insecurity. Booth has debated that national security was used by governments that stood as protectors of their peoples security, to cover reality and hide what essentially was the security of their regime and its followers and consequently be dislodged as a primary referent of security.1

Popularity of Soccer Around the World Essay -- essays research papers

Popularity of Soccer Around the World I am going to talk about the most popular sport in the world: football. Now, you may be having visions of huge quarterbacks, dressed up in their padding and helmets, parading down the field during the Super Bowl. But the other kind of football, the football the rest of the world knows, has no padding or helmets. This other football is known in America as soccer. In more than 175 countries across the globe, football, or soccer, rates as the number 1 national sport. Football dates back as far as thousands of years ago. There are records that show that ancient civilizations of Greece, Egypt, and China (among others) played an age-old form of football with a stuffed leather ball. Early games in Old England were like mob riots. There were no rules; it was anything goes! The games were so rowdy and violent that many English rulers tried to outlaw them. But it didn’t work. In fact, English travelers took the game with them, spreading it all around the globe. But there needed to be rules. In 1863 the Football Association was formed, or FA, in England. They developed the first real set of rules for modern soccer, or football, as we know it. And actually, the word â€Å"soccer† came from their name, specifically from the word â€Å"assoc†. By 1900 football teams from all different countries were playing against each other, and there was a need for a common set of rules. In 1904 the Federation Internationale de Football Association, or more commonly...

Vietnam After the Vietnam War :: Vietnam War Essays

The new unified Vietnam became the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV). With the Americans gone, however, Vietnam's military problems were not over. In neighboring Kampuchea (previously named Cambodia), Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge began a reign of terror in hopes of creating a pre-industrial utopia, murdering around 2 million people in so-called "killing fields." In 1978, the SRV invaded Kampuchea to stop the Khmer Rouge, in what became known as "Vietnam's Vietnam." While the invasion put an end to the "killing fields," China became upset by the SRV's extension of influence in the region and began a border war with Vietnam. After decades of war, Vietnam found itself with the world's fourth largest army but one of the poorest economies. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, it began to turn more and more to capitalism and a liberal economy. By 1975, Vietnam was off the Gallup Poll list of top issues in the US. Outside of concern for remaining POWs still in Vietnam, Americans became less and less concerned with events in the country. Nonetheless, the war had lasting impacts. It inspired a public distrust of the US government and made the military less popular, at least in the short term. The draft has not been used since. President Reagan tried to follow the Weinberger Doctrine, "No More Vietnams." In 1982, Yale student Maya Ying Lin's design for the Vietnam War Memorial was built in Washington DC, a permanent monument to the American casualties of the war. Another monument to the Vietnam War is the role it continues to play in American popular culture. Angels from Hell (1968), Satan's Sadists (1969), Chrome and Hot Leather (1971), The Losers (1971), and Taxi Driver (1976) deal with Vietnam veterans' difficulties with life after returning to the US. Tracks (1976), Who'll Stop the Rain (1978), Between Heaven and Earth (1994), and The War (1994) deal also deal with veterans scarred by the war. Other films such as Coming Home (1978), The Deer Hunter (1978), and Born on the Fourth of July(1989) depict veterans' mostly successful struggles to cope with life after the war. Apocalypse Now (1979) made officers villains, but An Officer and a Gentleman (1982), Lords of Discipline (1983), Taps(1981), and Private Benjamin (1980) portrayed the military involved in Vietnam more positively. From Rambo (1982) to Platoon (1986) to Full Metal Jacket (1987), movie depictions of the Vietnam experience have varied a great deal.

Lebanese Women’s Rights

LEBANESE WOMEN’S RIGHTS FIGHTING FOR FREEDOM, ATTENTION, &DIGNITY BY MAZEN AL KHANSA ENG201 INSTRUCTOR ISSAM HATOUM 7 January 2009 I picked this topic because it excited and stimulated me to believe that we are now accepting Lebanese Women to be equally adversarial with men and to attain their rights for better living. The audiences shown are all Lebanese Women to be spoken for that have given up their social, economical, and political being to degradation, failure, and fugitivity. OUTLINE: Thesis: Lebanese women nowadays enjoy equal civil, social, and economical rights and attend institutions of higher education in large numbers, thanks to Arab societies/Islamic religion that provided for her. I. Rights for Lebanese Women A. Economic Rights and equal opportunity B. Political Rights and Civic Voice C. Social and Cultural Rights II. Recommendations for preserving women’s rights and continuity in Lebanese civilization III. Other Rights for Women Worldwide(Particularly USA) The family in Lebanon, as elsewhere in the region, assigns different roles to family members on the basis of gender. The superior status of men in society and within the narrow confines of the nuclear family transcends the barriers of sect or ethnicity. Lebanese family structure is patriarchal. The centrality of the father figure stems from the role of the family as an economic unit, in which the father is the property owner and producer on whom the rest of the family depend. This notion prevails even in rural regions of Lebanon where women participate in peasant work. Although the inferior status of women is undoubtedly legitimized by various religious texts, the oppression of women in Arab society preceded the advent of Islam. The roles of women have traditionally been restricted to those of mother and homemaker. However, since the 1970s Arab societies have allowed women to play a more active role socially and in the work force, basically as a result of the manpower shortage caused by heavy migration of men to Persian Gulf countries. In Lebanon the percentage of women in the labor force has increased, although the Islamic religious revival that swept Lebanon in the 1980s, reasserted traditional cultural values. As a consequence, veils and abas (cloaks) have become more common among Muslim women. Among Christians, the war enabled women to assume more independent roles because of the absence of male family members involved in the fighting. Notwithstanding the persistence of traditional attitudes regarding the role of women, Lebanese women enjoy equal civil rights and attend institutions of higher education in large numbers (for example, women constituted 41 percent of the student body at the American University of Beirut in 1983). Although women have their own organizations, most exist as subordinate branches of the political parties.